relation to them both. He married Agrippina, the daughter of Agrippa, and grand-daughter of Augustus, a lady not more illustrious for her rank than her virtues. Germanicus grew up in the general affection of the public, on account of the sweetness of his temper, and his unaffected affability. He also possessed every princely accomplishment, was master of the Greek language as well as his own, and was a proficient in eloquence and poetry. A prepossessing exterior was added to these advantages. At an early age he was appointed to command an army raised to quell the revolt of the Dalmatians, over whom he obtained various successes, which in the end obliged them to submit. His services were rewarded by the permission to offer himself before the legal age for the consulate, which he filled A.D. 12. Near the close of Augustus's reign Germanicus was sent with an army into Gaul, with orders thence to attack the German provinces which, at the instigation of Arminius, had shaken off the yoke of Rome. He was collecting the tribute in Gaul when he received advice of the death of Augustus; and knowing himself an object of suspicion to Tiberius, he was the more anxious to exact oaths of fidelity to him from the provincials. A furious sedition at this time broke out among the legions upon the Lower Rhine commanded by Cacina, as well as the army on the Upper Rhine, under the superintendance of Germanicus. He hastened thither, and for a time appeased the commotion by promises and largesses. It broke out again, however, soon after, and became so formidable, that he thought it prudent to send his wife and infant son out of the This circumstance affected the soldiery; and Germanicus, following the impression with a pathetic speech, brought them back to their duty. Two legions, which continued in their mutiny, were afterwards reduced to order by setting the well-affected among them to massacre the seditious. The slaughter made on this occasion shocked the humanity of the prince, but the termination of this dangerous revolt was considered as highly creditable to his prudence and vigour. He had also displayed his fidelity on the occasion, by rejecting with horror the proposal made him by the mutineers of seizing the empire for himself. In order to give employment to the still irritated spirits of the soldiers, he led them across the Rhine, and made a most bloody and destructive inroad into the country of the Marsi. His return was molested by a violent attack from several associated tribes, which he repulsed with great slaughter. A triumph was decreed him for this success, VOL. IV. but the war in Germany was still far from being terminated. The dissensions between Arminius (see his article) and Segestes gave occasion to Germanicus the next year to make an incursion into the country of the Catti. He then undertook to relieve Segestes, who was invested in his camp by Arminius; and marching against that leader, he defeated him, and made a captive of his wife, the daughter of Scgestes. Arminius united several of the neighbouring tribes against the Romans; but Germanicus, penetrating still further into the country, laid waste all the tract between the Lippe and the Ems. Being then near the spot in which Varus and his legions had been cut off by the Germans, he resolved to perform the pious oflice of bestowing funeral rites upon their remains. He proceeded with his army to the forest of Teutoburgium, the scene of the disaster, and having gathered the scattered bones of his unfortunate countrymen, he caused them to be buried in one common grave, himself laying the first turf of the mound that covered them. Though such an action was well calculated to increase his popularity, it gave food to the jealousy of Tiberius, who also found an objection in the augural character of Germanicus against his officiating in rites of this nature. The return of the Roman general to the borders was molested by the pursuit of the Germans, in which his lieutenant Cæcina was brought into imminent peril; and two legions which were marching back by the sea-coast suffered great loss from the flowing of the tide. On the whole, the events of this campaign seem to have been as likely to impress the Romans with a dread of Germany, as to inspire the Germans with apprehensions of Roman power. Germanicus passed the winter in preparations for a new expedition, and in the spring of A.D. 16 he embarked his legions, and conveyed them to the river Ems. Thence he marched to the banks of the Weser, on the opposite side of which Arminius was posted. The Romans crossed that river, and various actions ensued, in which the Germans fought with great bravery, but were at length obliged to yield to superior discipline and generalship. The concluding battle was attended with great slaughter to the Germans, and gave the Roman commander occasion to raise a trophy with the proud inscription of "The nations between the Rhine and the Elbe subdued by the army of Tiberius Cæsar;" but this subjugation was, in fact, only a temporary cessation of contest with present force. Germanicus brought back his army, partly down the Ems by sea; which di 3 D Syria, which passed with mutual scorn and reproach. Soon after, he renewed the ancient alliance with the Parthians. In the ensuing year he made a progress into Egypt, and viewed all the curiosities of the country; at the same time opening the public granaries to the people, who were suffering under a scarcity. Tiberius, however, in a letter, severely reprehended him for visiting a province which all senators and persons of rank were forbidden to enter. vision encountered dreadful tempests, to the loss of many of the transports, and dispersion of the rest. The news of this disaster incited the Germans to fresh hostilities, which the activity of the general soon repressed. It was the great point of ambition in Germanicus to renew the war in these parts, which he flattered himself would end in the entire conquest of Germany; but Tiberius, either jealous of his successes, or convinced that no lasting advantage to the empire could arise from such costly and hazardous enterprises, recalled him to Rome, with many compliments upon his past exploits, and the prospect of a second consulate. He received him upon his return with great demonstrations of affection, and procured him a triumph, which was celebrated with extraordinary magnificence. That part of the spectacle which was the most touching to the Roman people was the chariot of the victor, filled with his three sons and two daughters. Various disturbances at this time arose in the East, and Germanicus was appointed with very extensive powers to go thither and restore tranquillity. As a balance to his authority, the suspicious emperor placed Cn. Piso in the government of Syria, a man of a violent and haughty temper, and elated with the influence his wife Plancina possessed over the empress Livia. Germanicus was arrived in Greece when he en tered upon his second consulship, A.D. 18, have ing the emperor for his colleague. In his progress he visited Athens, where he was received with all the excessive and ingenious adulation usually practised by that people. In return, he treated the citizens with great affability and respect, walking among them attended only by a single lictor. He then sailed to Euboea and Lesbos, in which isle Agrippina was delivered of her last child; thence he touched upon Thrace, and, crossing into Asia, viewed the ruins of Troy, and consulted the oracle of the Clarian Apollo at Colophon. Piso hastily followed him; and after terrifying the Athenians by a severe harangue, in which he threw out oblique reproaches on Germanicus, embarked for Rhodes, where he would have perished by shipwreck, had he not been saved by the humane assistance of that prince, whom he overtook there. Germanicus then proceeded to execute the chief business of his commission. In Armenia he placed the crown on the head of Zeno, son of the king of Pontus, an ally of the Romans. He then reduced Cappadocia and Comagene to the state of Roman provinces. He underwent some further affronts from Piso, with whom he had an interview at Cyrrum in Upon his return from Egypt to Syria, he found that Piso had abrogated every regulation which he had established among the legions and in the cities, and his indignation at this conduct widened the breach between them. At this time Germanicus was attacked with a disease, which afterwards proved fatal. A temporary recovery was celebrated by the people of Antioch with festal sacrifices, which Piso indecently disturbed by his lictors, and then left the place. The prince soon relapsed, and his depression of spirits was aggravated by the persuasion that Piso had given him poison. This suspicion seems to have been received as an undoubted fact by most writers of history and biography; yet Tacitus himself, who mentions it, and is by no means inclined to favour Piso, or Tiberius, from whose suggestions he is supposed to have acted, expressly says that the charge of poisoning Germanicus was feebly supported, and the alleged manner of his doing it is a ma-nifest absurdity. There might, perhaps, be some truth in the discovery of magical rites practised against the prince's life, the dread of which might add to his disorder. Under the impression of these injuries, Germanicus solemnly renounced all friendship with Piso, and conjured his friends to prosecute with the ut most vigour the authors of his death. He took a most tender farewel of his wife, whom he requested for the sake of their children to moderate her high and impatient spirit; and soon after expired, at Epidaphne near Antioch, A.D. 19, in the thirty-fourth year of his age. The manner in which the news of his danger was received at Rome proved the_warmth of affection which he had inspired. Every other concern was forgotten in the fluctuations of fear and hope on his account; and when his death was known, the people, without waiting for any order from the magistrates, forsook the forum, shut up their houses, and assumed every token of universal sorrow. A profusion of honours was decreed to his memory, and even foreign princes and nations joined their testimonies of esteem and regret. Germanicus, be sides his civil and military talents, had preten sions to literary reputation. He wrote and published some Greek comedies, and is said to have translated the Phenomena of Aratus into Latin verse, though some modern critics ascribe this version to the emperor Domitian, who also bore the title of Germanicus. He was likewise a patron of letters, and Ovid dedicates to him his Fasti. Taciti Annal. I. & II. Suetonius in Caligul. Univers. Hist.-A. tio Concil. ;" and some "Sermons," and "Hymns," which are to be found in different volumes of the "Biblioth. Patr.," and of Combefi's "Auctuarium," as referred to by Fabricius. Some other pieces have also been attributed to him, which the ablest critics concur in referring to the subject of the next article. Fabricii Bibl. Græc, vol. X. lib. v. cap. 41. Cive's Hist. Lit. vol. I. sub sæc. Eicm. Dupin. Moreri. Mosh. Eccl. Hist. Sæc. VIII.-M. GERMANUS I. patriarch of Constantinople in the former part of the eighth century, was GERMANUS II. surnamed NAUPLIUS from the son of a patrician named Justinian, who the place of his birth on the Propontis, was pahad been put to death by the emperor Constan- triarch of Constantinople in the thirteenth centine Pagonatus, who cruelly ordered the subject tury. He entered into the monastic state, and of this article to be deprived of his manhood. acquired so high a reputation for learning and The first dignity of which we find Germanus piety, that upon a vacancy taking place in the in possession was the bishopric of Cyzicum; patriarchal see, about the year 1222, Germanus whence, in the year 715, he was translated to was transferred immediately from the cloister to the patriarchate of Constantinople. In this si- that dignity. As Constantinople was at that time tuation he was not distinguished by any transac- in the hands of the Latins, he fixed the patriarchal tions of sufficient moment to be recorded before residence at the city of Nice, where he held a the year 726, when the emperor Leo the Isaur- synod in the year 1233. He was deposed from ian issued out an edict forbidding the worship of his dignity in the year 124c, and again restored to images. On this occasion the patriarch dis- it in the year 1254. His death took place either in covered much superstitious zeal in favour of that or in the following year. Among the works image worship, pretending that it had been of which he was most probably the author, that authorised by the practice of seven centuries, have been improperly ascribed to Germanus I. and illustrating its lawfulness by the fabulous is a mystical treatise, intended to illustrate the narrations concerning images of the virgin Mary liturgy, and entitled "Rerum Ecclesiasticarum painted by St. Luke, the picture of Christ sent Theoria." It is inserted in Greek and Latin, to the king of Abgara, and other absurd le- in the second volume of Fronto Ducæus's gends. For four years the emperor bore with "Auctuarium," and is evidently in a very corgreat patience the resistance which Germanus rupt and interpolated state. In the same numshewed to his edict; but at length, becoming ber are, " An Oration," delivered upon the irritated at the effects of his example, by which dedication of the church of the virgin Mary, an ignorant populace was encouraged to out- and upon the nursing of our Saviour, extant in rageous acts of sedition and rebellion, he assem- Combefi's "Origin. Constantin. ;" a "Panebled a council at Constantinople in 730, by gyric" on the virgin, and a " Sermon" on the which the patriarch was degraded from his dig- nativity, published in the same work; and nity, but permitted to retire to his paternal seat," Homilies," on the beheading of St. John the where he spent the remainder of his days in peace and quietness. He is said to have died about the year 740. In the Greek and Latin churches he is honoured as a saint and confessor," Epistles" to pope Gregory IX. and the cardifor having zealously defended the superstition of image worship. He was the author of a treatise "De sex Synodis Oecumenicis, &c." of which the most complete edition was given. by Stephen le Moyne, in the first volume of his "Varia Sacra," 1685; "An Apology for St. Gregory Nyssen, in opposition to those who accused him of falling into the Errors of Origen," commended by Photius in high terms, but no longer extant; three "Epistles," to John bishop of Synnada, Constantine bishop of Nacolia, and Thomas bishop of Claudiopolis, inserted in the seventh volume of the Collec. Baptist, the presentation, &c. inserted in the first volume of Combefi's "Auctuarium." To the same Germanus are to be ascribed the two. nals, on the subject of an union between the eastern and the western churches, inserted in the eleventh volume of the " Collect. Concil..;" two encyclical "Epistles" to the Cypriots, edited in Greek and Latin in the second volume of Cotelerius's "Monument. Eccl. Græc.;" together with various "Decrees," "Orations,". " Homilies," and a number of inedited pieces, for the titles of which we must refer to Fabricii Bibl. Græc, vot. X. lib. cap. 41. Cave's Hist. Lit. vol. II. sub. sec. Schalast. Dupin. Moreri.-M. There was a third GERMANUS, who was translated to the patriarchate of Constantinople GERMON, BARTHOLOMEW, a celebrated French Jesuit, was born at Orleans, in the year 1663, and commenced his noviciate in the order when he was about seventeen years of age. He applied with great assiduity to his studies, and acquired considerable reputation by his proficiency in the learned languages, his knowledge of antiquities, and of theology. He engaged in a long contest with fathers Mabillon and Coustant, both belonging to the congregation of St. Maur, on the subject of ancient diplomas; and published several treatises during the years 1703, 1706, and 1707, written in pure and elegant Latin, and forming together three volumes 12mo. the titles of which may be seen in Moreri. The greater part of the learned world, however, agreed in awarding the victory to the Benedictines. He also engaged in the controversy concerning grace; and, besides other pieces, which are particularised in our authority, was the author of a theological treatise "On the Hundred and One Propositions of Quesnel condemned by the Bull Unigenitus," in two large volumes 4to. This work was adopted by the cardinal de Bissy, who published it in his own name. Moreri.-M. GERMONIO, ANASTASIO, an eminent canonist, was born at Sala, in the marquisate of Ceva in Piedmont, in 1551. Either through the neglect of his parents, or his own disinclination to learning, he had reached his twentysecond year before he had acquired more than the mere rudiments of letters. He then began to apply so much in earnest, that in the course of a year and a half he made up all his deficiencies. He engaged in the study of law first at Turin, and then at Padua. At the former of these universities he received his degree from the hand of his tutor, the celebrated Pancirolus, who expressed great astonishment at his proficiency. He obtained a chair of canon-law at Turin, which he continued to occupy after he had been raised to the posts of apostolicalprotonotary and metropolitan archdeacon. When his archbishop was created a cardinal, he accompanied him to Rome, and acquired the esteem of Sixtus V. and the succeeding pontiffs. Clement VIII. joined him to the congregation formed for compiling the seventh book of decretals, in which were to be inserted the decrees of the council of Trent, with proper explanations; but after the work was finished and sent to the press, political reasons caused the court of Rome to suspend the publication. Germorio, meantime, obtained so much reputation for legal knowledge and dexterity in business, that the dukes of Urbino and Savoy entrusted him with the management of their concerns at the see of Rome. He refused two bishoprics, but was at length induced to accept the archbishopric of Tarantasia in Savoy. The duke Charles-Emanuel sent him as his embassador at the court of Madrid, where he died in 1627. Germonio is highly extolled by several eminent jurists, especially by Antonio Fabri, who praises him for having freed the language of jurisprudence from barbarism, and restored it to its original purity. Of his works, besides his Notes on the Decretals, and Paratitles on the Digest and Code, are: "De Sacrorum immunitatibus Lib. tres; nec-non de indultis apostolicis tractatus," printed at the Vatican, 1591, folio: "Pomeridiana Sessiones in quibus Latine Linguæ dignitas defenditur, &c." 1580, 4to. All his works, revised by himself, were printed at Rome, 1623, folio. Moreri. Tiraboschi.-A. GERSON, JOHN. See CHARLier. GERSTEN, CHRISTIAN-LOUIs, professor of mathematics at Giessen, was born in that city in 1701. As he had applied with great diligence to the mathematical and mechanical sciences, he was appointed professor of the former in 1733; but refusing to submit to the decision of the courts of justice, in regard to a suit which he had with his brother-in-law, respecting money concerns, he was declared contumacious, and deprived of a part of his salary. On this account he left Giessen in 1744, and next year was dismissed from his office. He then went to Altona and Petersburgh; but not meeting with the encouragement he expected, he returned to Darmstadt. Here he attempted to bring about a reconciliation with his brotherin-law, and to recover his professorship; but falling into needy circumstances, he wrote a letter couched in very insulting language to the landgrave. In consequence of this letter he was arrested at Franckfort in 1748, and doomed to perpetual confinement in the castle of Marxburg, with an annual allowance of two hundred florins. As every indulgence consistent with his situation was granted to him, he employed his time in instructing young persons in the mathematics, and by constant observation acquired uncommon skill in the art of foretelling changes of the weather. Though he could never be prevailed on to acknowledge his error, but rather continued to offend the court by insulting petitions, he was released from_confinement in 1760, and kept for a year at Brau bach, by way of trial how far his behaviour would be amended. Before he obtained complete liberty, he went privately to Wisbaden, Offenbach, and Franckfort, where he kept himself concealed, and died in the last-mentioned place, exceedingly poor, on the 13th of August, 1762, leaving behind him the character of an able mathematician and an honest man, who had rendered himself unfortunate merely by ignorance of the world and unexampled obstinacy. His works are: "Tentamina Systematis novi ad Mutationes Barometri, ex Natura elateris Aerei demonstrandas," Frankfort, 1733, 8vo. ;" Methodus nova ad Eclipses Terræ & Appulsus Lunæ ad Stellas supputandas," Giessen, 1740, 4to.; "Exercitationes recentiores circa Roris Meteora," Offenbach, 1748, 8vo.; "Methodus nova Calculi Eclipsium Terræ specialis," in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. XLIII. No. 482; "Mercurius sub Sole visus, & Observatus in Specula Astronomica," Giessen, Phil. Transact. vol. XLIV. No. 482, and in Nov. Act. Lips. 1745; "Quadrantis Astronomici muralis Idea nova & peculiaris," Phil. Transact. vol. XLIV. No. 483. Jöcher's Gelehrt. Lexicon.-J. GERVAIS, ARMAND-FRANCIS, at one time abbot of the monastery of La Trappe, was born at Paris, about the year 1660. He received his classical education at the college of the Jesuits, and when he was fifteeen years of age entered among the bare-footed Carmelites. Notwithstanding his youth, he closely conformed himself to the strictest regulations of that order, and at the same time pursued his literary and theological studies with uncommon diligence and success. When he was twenty-two years old he was appointed by his superiors to teach theology to the younger members of the order, and for some years discharged the duties of that appointment with great applause. He also possessed excellent qualifications for a pulpit orator, and distinguished himself by his exertions in that capacity. Afterwards he was successively appointed superior of different houses belonging to the order, and was deputed to Rome for the purpose of negociating its interests with that court. The manner in which he conducted himself in these situations gave such satisfaction, that he would have risen to the most honourable and confidential employments in his community, if he had not determined to withdraw into the monastery of La Trappe, then conducted under the new regulations of the celebrated abbé de Rancé. This resolution he put in practice in the year 1695, and after he had been admitted to profession, was made master of the novices, and soon afterwards prior. Upon a vacancy taking place in the post of abbot, during the following year, the abbé Rancé considered Gervais to be the most proper person to fill it, and accordingly obtained the king's nomination of him to that dignity. But he had not thoroughly studied the temper and disposition of the new abbot, who soon began to alarm him by the changes which he introduced into the institution, without deigning to ask his advice, and tending to overthrow his new-formed and favourite system. These changes produced such complaints against Gervais, that in the year 1698 he found it necessary to resign his dignity into the king's hands, and to quit his residence at the monastery. From this time he wandered about, from solitude to solitude, following the same ascetic course of life which he had practised at La Trappe, and publishing a number of works, of which the principal are noticed below. Having, in the year 1745, published the first volume of a curious and interesting "General History of the Cistercian Order in France," 4to. in which a severe attack was made upon the Bernardins, they applied to the court, by which a letter of arrest was issued out against him, and he was immured within the abbey of Notre Dame des Reclus, in the diocese of Troyes, where he died in 1751, at the advanced age of ninety-one. He was admired for his learning, and respected for many virtues; while at the same time he was not beloved, on account of the impetuosity, unsteadiness, and singularities of his temper, and his sour forbidding manners. He was the author of "The Life of St. Cyprian, &c. including an Abridgment of that Father's Works, with critical and historical Notes, theological Dissertations, &c." 1717, 4to.; "The Lives of Peter Abelard and of his Wife Heloise, &c." 1720, two volumes 12mo.; a translation of "The genuine Letters of Abelard and Heloise, taken from an ancient Latin MS. with curious historical and critical Notes," 1723, 12mo. ; "The History of Suger, Abbot of St. Denys, &c." 1721, in three volumes 12mo. accompanied with some learned dissertations on antiquarian and ecclesiastical topics; "A Defence of the preceding, and of the Abbé Rance, against the Strictures and Invectives of Father Vincent Thuiller, inserted in the first Volume of the posthumous Works of Father Mabillon," 1725, 12mo.; "The Life of St. Irenæus, &c." 1723, two volumes 12mo.; "The Life of Ruffinus, Priest of the Church of Aquileia," 1724, two volumes 12mo.; "The Life of St. |