GINNANI, FRANCIS, count, an eminent naturalist and agriculturist, was born at Ravenna in 1716. He received a literary education in his father's house, and at the age of fourteen was placed at Parma as page to the duke Antony Farnese. He there continued to pursue his studies; and upon his return he particularly attended to natural history, under the direction of his uncle count Joseph Ginnani, known for his researches into marine productions. He devoted himself to a retired and studious life, collected a large and valuable museum, invented agricultural instruments and other pieces of mechanism, and greatly interested himself in the institution of the Society of Ravenna. His writings obtained him admission into the learned Societies of Perugia, Bern, Paris, and London; and he maintained a correspondence with many of the most eminent natural philosophers of the age. In private character he was courteous, modest, and benevolent, and remarkably observant of the duties of religion. He died, unmarried, in 1766, at the early age of forty. The principal work of the count Fr. Ginnani is entitled, "Delle Malattie del Grano in Erba, Trattato storico-fisico"-An historico-physical Treatise of the Diseases of growing Corn, 1759, 4to. con fig. This is a work of great compass and erudition, treating with exactness of all the different kinds of disease affecting green corn, with their causes and remedies. Of his other writings the most considerable is "An Account of the Natural Productions in the Ginnani Museum at Ravenna," 1762, 4to. with plates. He has given a " Description of some Indigenous Plants and their Insects," in the Journal of Bern, tom. I.; and a "Dissertation on the Scirpus of Ravenna," in the Ravenna Acts. He left in MS. a "Natural and Civil History of the Pine Forests of Ravenna." Elogi Italiani. Haller, Bibl. Botan.-A.

GIOCONDO, FRA GIOVANNI, an antiquarian and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, was a native of Verona, where he was first a teacher of the Greek and Latin languages, in which he had the honour of instructing the celebrated Julius Cæsar Scaliger. He afterwards became a monk, and is claimed as a brother both by the Dominicans and Franciscans. He was well versed in scholastic theology and in the mathematical sciences, and was one of those who contributed to the revival of classical learning by the collection of ancient monuments and manuscripts. He presented to Lorenzo de' Medici a collection of ancient inscriptions which he had made with great labour, and which is spoken of in the highest terms

by Angelo Poliziano. This was compiled in Rome before the year 1492, in which Lorenzo died. Giocondo was some time at the court of the emperor Maximilian. He also visited France, where he was employed to build two bridges over the Seine, called those of Our Lady and the Little Bridge, and said to have been of admirable beauty. The first of these was begun in 1501. Sannazaro has celebrated these works in the following punning epigram:

Jucundus geminos fecit tibi, Sequana, pontes :
Jure tuum potes hunc dicere pontificem.

He had the title of architect-royal in France, as appears from the honourable mention made of him by the learned Budæus, with whom he contracted an intimacy in that kingdom. His office as an artist did not prevent him from continuing to serve the cause of letters. An edition of Pliny's Epistles, printed in Bologna in 1498, and another by Aldus in 1508, contained his collations with an ancient MS. at Paris. He also was one of the first who gave a correct edition of Vitruvius, illustrated with figures, published at Venice in 1511, with a dedication to pope Julius II. He also assisted in editing "Frontinus de Aquæductis ;" "Scriptores de Re Rustica ;"" Aurelius Victor ;" and "Casar's Commentaries ;" and was the first who gave a design of Cæsar's bridge over the Rhine. On his return to Italy, he wrote in 1506 four dissertations addressed to the magistracy of Venice concerning the waters of that city, which are preserved in its archives. When the Rialto was burnt in 1513, he gave a design for rebuilding it more beautiful than before; but it was rejected for that of another architect. Resentment on this account caused him to quit Venice for Rome, where, on the death of Bramante, he was joined with Raphael and San Gallo in superintending the erection of St. Peter's. His last known work was the rebuilding of the stone bridge of Verona, which took place about 1521. He probably did not long survive, since he calls himself an old man in a dedication to Juliano de' Medici in 1513. Tiraboschi.-A.

GIOJA, FLAVIO, an ingenious Italian mathematician in the beginning of the fourteenth century, to whom is generally attributed the invention of the compass, was born at Pasitano, near Amalfi, in the kingdom of Naples, about the year 1300. He is said to have been the first discoverer of the directive power of the magnet, by which it disposes its poles along the meridian of every place, or nearly so, and to have applied it to the purposes of navigation under

are fitter to be the bishop of Durham, than I am to be parson of this church of yours. I ask forgiveness for past injuries. Forgive me, father. I know you have enemies; but, while I live bishop of Durham, none of them shall cause you any farther trouble."

We have already spoken of Mr. Gilpin's uncommonly generous and hospitable manner of living and extensive benevolence, to which the income arising from his rectory, though considerable, must have been inadequate without great management and frugality. But he was still unsatisfied with the services he had rendered to his fellow-creatures; and upon queen Elizabeth's recommending the establishment of free-schools, to the surprise of his friends, he undertook to build and endow a grammarschool a design which his exact economy enabled him to accomplish. This school was no sooner opened than it began to flourish; and there was so great a resort of young people to it, that in a little time the town was not able to accommodate them. Mr. Gilpin, therefore, fitted up a part of his house for that purpose, where he boarded twenty or thirty children, bestowing clothing and maintenance on the greater part of them, whose parents were in poor circumstances. To insure their good instruction he procured able masters from Oxford, and himself constantly inspected their proficiency, taking notice of and encouraging the most diligent and forward. He likewise sent several of them to the universities, where he maintained them at his own expence, and endeavoured to render an academical education as useful to them as possible. For this purpose he held a constant correspondence with their tu tors, and made the youths themselves frequently write to him and give him an account of their studies; and he also made journeys to the universities, generally once every other year, to examine into their behaviour, and to give them the benefit of his personal advice. For farther particulars of his attention to this institution, and the effects produced by it, as well as of his noble acts of benevolence, generosity, and charity, we must refer to our authorities. In the latter part of his life Mr. Gilpin went through his duty with great difficulty. His health was much impaired, and his constitution broken by the great fatigues which he had undergone during so many years. And to add to his infirmities, he met with an accident which at the time had nearly proved fatal to him, and from the effects of which he never recovered. As he was crossing the market-place at Durham, an ex ran at him, and pushed him down with such

violence, that it was imagined that the bruises which he had received would occasion his death. But though after a long confinement he was again able to stir abroad, yet he never recovered even the little strength which he had before, and continued lame as long as he lived. He died in 1583, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. Such was the life of Bernard Gilpin, who for his exemplary piety, laborious virtue, and unbounded benevolence, deserves to have his name transmitted to posterity with respect and reverence. To the particulars already mentioned concerning him we have to add, that in person he was tall and slender, and that in his manner of ornamenting it he was neat and simple. His imagination, memory, and judgment, were lively, retentive, and solid. By his unwearied application he had amassed a great stock of knowledge, and was ignorant of no part of learning at that time in esteem. In languages, history, and divinity, he particularly excelled, and was no mean poet, though he expended little time in the pursuit of any studies foreign to his profession. His temper was naturally warm; but by degrees he succeeded in obtaining an entire command of himself. His disposition was serious; yet among his particular friends he was commonly cheerful, and sometimes facetious. His severity had no object but himself: to others he was mild, candid, and indulgent. He used to express a particular indignation at slander, often saying, That it deserved the gallows more than theft. To the opinions of others, however different from his own, he was most indulgent, and thought moderation one of the most genuine effects of true piety. He had a very extraordinary skill in the art of managing a fortune. He considered himself barely as a steward for other people; and took care, therefore, that his own desires never exceeded what calm reason could justify. Extravagance with him was another word for injustice; and in his own manner of living he was very temperate, and rather abstemious. And whatever his other virtues were, their lustre was greatly increased by his sincerity and humility, which his religion led him to practise in the most unaffected and amiable manner. But the most distinguishing parts of his character were, as we have already seen, his conscientious discharge of the ministerial office, his extensive benevolence, and his exalted piety, which, taken in connection with the uniform tenor of his virtuous and exemplary life, deservedly gained him among his contemporaries the title of the Northern Apostle. Biog. Britan. Gilpin's Lives of Latimer and Gilpin—M.

are fitter to be the bishop of Durham, than I am to be parson of this church of yours. I ask forgiveness for past injuries. Forgive me, father. I know you have enemies; but, while I live bishop of Durham, none of them shall cause you any farther trouble.”

:

We have already spoken of Mr. Gilpin's uncommonly generous and hospitable manner of living and extensive benevolence, to which the income arising from his rectory, though considerable, must have been inadequate without great management and frugality. But he was still unsatisfied with the services he had rendered to his fellow-creatures; and upon queen Elizabeth's recommending the establishment of free-schools, to the surprise of his friends, he undertook to build and endow a grammarschool a design which his exact economy enabled him to accomplish. This school was no sooner opened than it began to flourish; and there was so great a resort of young people to it, that in a little time the town was not able to accommodate them. Mr. Gilpin, therefore, fitted up a part of his house for that purpose, where he boarded twenty or thirty children, bestowing clothing and maintenance on the greater part of them, whose parents were in poor circumstances. To insure their good instruction he procured able masters from Oxford, and himself constantly inspected their proficiency, taking notice of and encouraging the most diligent and forward. He likewise sent several of them to the universities, where he maintained them at his own expence, and endeavoured to render an academical education as useful to them as possible. For this purpose he held a constant correspondence with their tutors, and made the youths themselves frequently write to him and give him an account of their studies; and he also made journeys to the universities, generally once every other year, to examine into their behaviour, and to give them the benefit of his personal advice. For farther particulars of his attention to this institution, and the effects produced by it, as well as of his noble acts of benevolence, generosity, and charity, we must refer to our authorities. In the latter part of his life Mr. Gilpin went through his duty with great difficulty. His health was much impaired, and his constitution broken by the great fatigues which he had undergone during so many years. And to add to his infirmities, he met with an accident which at the time had nearly proved fatal to him, and from the effects of which he never recovered. As he was crossing the market-place at Durham, an ex ran at him, and pushed him down with such

violence, that it was imagined that the bruises which he had received would occasion his death. But though after a long confinement he was again able to stir abroad, yet he never recovered even the little strength which he had before, and continued lame as long as he lived. He died in 1583, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. Such was the life of Bernard Gilpin, who for his exemplary piety, laborious virtue, and unbounded benevolence, deserves to have his name transmitted to posterity with respect and reverence. To the particulars already mentioned concerning him we have to add, that in person he was tall and slender, and that in his manner of ornamenting it he was neat and simple. His imagination, memory, and judgment, were lively, retentive, and solid. By his unwearied application he had amassed a great stock of knowledge, and was ignorant of no part of learning at that time in esteem. In languages, history, and divinity, he particularly excelled, and was no mean poet, though he expended little time in the pursuit of any studies foreign to his profession. His temper was naturally warm; but by degrees he succeeded in obtaining an entire command of himself. His disposition was serious; yet among his particular friends he was commonly cheerful, and sometimes facetious. His severity had no object but himself: to others he was mild, candid, and indulgent. He used to express a particular indignation at slander, often saying, That it deserved the gallows more than theft. To the opinions of others, however different from his own, he was most indulgent, and thought moderation one of the most genuine effects of true piety. He had a very extraordinary skill in the art of managing a fortune. He considered himself barely as a steward for other people; and took care, therefore, that his own desires never exceeded what calm reason could justify. Extravagance with him was another word for injustice; and in his own manner of living he was very temperate, and rather abstemious. And whatever his other virtues were, their lustre was greatly increased by his sincerity and humility, which his religion led him to practise in the most unaffected and amiable manner. But the most distinguishing parts of his character were, as we have already seen, his conscientious discharge of the ministerial office, his extensive benevolence, and his exalted piety, which, taken in connection with the uniform tenor of his virtuous and exemplary life, deservedly gained him among his contemporaries the title of the Northern Apostle. Biog. Britan. Gilpin's Lives of Latimer and Gilpin.-M.

GINNANI, FRANCIS, count, an eminent naturalist and agriculturist, was born at Ravenna in 1716. He received a literary education in his father's house, and at the age of fourteen was placed at Parma as page to the duke Antony Farnese. He there continued to pursue his studies; and upon his return he particularly attended to natural history, under the direction of his uncle count Joseph Ginnani, known for his researches into marine productions. He devoted himself to a retired and studious life, collected a large and valuable museum, invented agricultural instruments and other pieces of mechanism, and greatly interested himself in the institution of the Society of Ravenna. His writings obtained him admission into the learned Societies of Perugia, Bern, Paris, and London; and he maintained a correspondence with many of the most eminent natural philosophers of the age. In private character he was courteous, modest, and benevolent, and remarkably observant of the duties of religion. He died, unmarried, in 1766, at the early age of forty. The principal work of the count Fr. Ginnani is entitled, "Delle Malattie del Grano in Erba, Trattato storico-fisico"-An historico-physical Treatise of the Diseases of growing Corn, 1759, 4to. con fig. This is a work of great compass and erudition, treating with exactness of all the different kinds of disease affecting green corn, with their causes and remedies. Of his other writings the most considerable is "An Account of the Natural Productions in the Ginnani Museum at Ravenna," 1762, 4to. with plates. He has given a "Description of some Indigenous Plants and their Insects," in the Journal of Bern, tom. I.; and a "Dissertation on the Scirpus of Ravenna," in the Ravenna Acts. He left in MS. a "Natural and Civil History of the Pine Forests of Ravenna." Elogi Italiani. Haller, Bibl. Botan.-A.

GIOCONDO, FRA GIOVANNI, an antiquarian and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, was a native of Verona, where he was first a teacher of the Greek and Latin languages, in which he had the honour of instructing the celebrated Julius Cæsar Scaliger. He afterwards became a monk, and is claimed as a brother both by the Dominicans and Franciscans. He was well versed in scholastic theology and in the mathematical sciences, and was one of those who contributed to the revival of classical learning by the collection of ancient monuments and manuscripts. He presented to Lorenzo de' Medici a collection of ancient inscriptions which he had made with great labour, and which is spoken of in the highest terms

by Angelo Poliziano. This was compiled in Rome before the year 1492, in which Lorenzo died. Giocondo was some time at the court of the emperor Maximilian. He also visited France, where he was employed to build two bridges over the Seine, called those of Our Lady and the Little Bridge, and said to have been of admirable beauty. The first of these was begun in 1501. Sannazaro has celebrated these works in the following punning epigram:

Jucundus geminos fecit tibi, Sequana, pontes :
Jure tuum potes hunc dicere pontificem.

He had the title of architect-royal in France, as appears from the honourable mention made of him by the learned Budæus, with whom he contracted an intimacy in that kingdom. His office as an artist did not prevent him from continuing to serve the cause of letters. An edition of Pliny's Epistles, printed in Bologna in 1498, and another by Aldus in 1508, contained his collations with an ancient MS. at Paris. He also was one of the first who gave a correct edition of Vitruvius, illustrated with figures, published at Venice in 1511, with a dedication to pope Julius II. He also assisted in editing "Frontinus de Aquæductis ;" "Scriptores de Re Rustica;" "Aurelius Victor ;" and "Casar's Commentaries;" and was the first who gave a design of Cæsar's bridge over the Rhine. On his return to Italy, he wrote in 1506 four dissertations addressed to the magistracy of Venice concerning the waters of that city, which are preserved in its archives. When the Rialto was burnt in 1513, he gave a design for rebuilding it more beautiful than before; but it was rejected for that of another architect. Resentment on this account caused him to quit Venice for Rome, where, on the death of Bramante, he was joined with Raphael and San Gallo in superintending the erection of St. Peter's. His last known work was the rebuilding of the stone bridge of Verona, which took place about 1521. He probably did not long survive, since he calls himself an old man in a dedication to Juliano de' Medici in 1513. Tiraboschi.-A.

GIOJA, FLAVIO, an ingenious Italian mathematician in the beginning of the fourteenth century, to whom is generally attributed the invention of the compass, was born at Pasitano, near Amalfi, in the kingdom of Naples, about the year 1300. He is said to have been the first discoverer of the directive power of the magnet, by which it disposes its poles along the meridian of every place, or nearly so, and to have applied it to the purposes of navigation under