him with more liberality, assigning him apartments in his palace, and an allowance for his domestics, together with the abbacy of St. Antony in Como. At the disastrous sack of Rome in 1527, he lost not only a quantity of wrought silver, but the MS. of his History, of which some books were never recovered. As a recompence, he was raised in the ensuing year to the bishopric of Nocera. When the young Hippolito de' Medici was created cardinal, Giovio was at his request placed about his person, and accompanied him in his journeys. Pope Paul III. was not equally favourable to our author, probably on account of his leading a life not very creditable to his prelatic character; for that pontiff was zealous for the reformation of the clergy. He would not indulge Giovio in his wish to be translated to the bishopric of Como, for which the latter has testified no little resentment. He was further disappointed at not arriving at the dignity of cardinal, which had been promised him by some astrologer in whose predictions he placed confidence. His condition, however, might be thought highly enviable for a literary man. Through the favour of Charles V., Francis I., and other sovereigns and persons of distinction, he acquired considerable opulence. He built a very elegant villa on the margin of the lake of Como, in a delightful situation, in which was a museum, rich in curiosities, especially the portraits of eminent men. There he passed much of his time in learned leisure; but it was not till 1549 that he finally quitted Rome. In the next year he went to pay a visit to the grand-duke Cosmo at Florence, where he died in December, 1552. His remains were interred in the cathedral of St. Lorenzo, under a marble monument, with an inscription in a high style of eulogy.

As a historian and biographer, Giovio has been more praised for the elegance of his style, and the variety and liveliness of his narrative, than for his veracity and impartiality. He is charged with having set his pen to sale, and having distributed applause and censure according to the dictates of private interest. His own confidential letters avow in some measure the principle of, at least, colouring actions and characters according to favour; and he was accustomed to say that he had two pens, one of gold, the other of iron. Yet he frequently attests his impartiality, and, as a proof of it, mentions that he was accused equally by the French and the Imperialists as being devoted to the opposite party. Perhaps, in the general narration he may be worthy of credit, though his representation of particulars may often be false and

VOL. IV.

distorted. As he wrote concerning the persons and transactions of his own times, though he had more temptations to infidelity, yet he had more checks. His great work is a History in forty-five books, commencing from the war of Naples under Charles VIII. and coming down to 1547; but of this, six books are wanting, from the fifth to the eleventh, and six more from the nineteenth to the twenty-fourth. The first edition was printed at Florence in 1550. He wrote also the lives of twelve Visconti lords of Milan; the eulogies of men celebrated in arms and letters: descriptions of Great Britain, of Muscovy, and of the lake of Como ; and commentaries on Turkish affairs. All these works are in Latin, which he wrote with great fluency; but his style has been taxed as too florid and idiomatic for history, and more sonorous than elegant. In the same language he wrote a treatise "De Piscibus Romanis." In Italian he has left a number of Letters, and "Ragionamento sopra i Motti & Disegni d'Arme e d'Amore."

BENEDETTO Giovio, elder brother of the preceding, who passed a retired life at Como, was a man of letters, and left several works in MS. of which the History of his native place was printed at Venice in 1629.

PAULO GIOVIO THE YOUNGER, also bishop. of Nocera, who was present at the council of Trent, and distinguished himself in Latin poetry, was grand-nephew to the first Paul. Tiraboschi Bayle. Elog. di P. Giovis.—A.

GIRALDI, CINZIO GIAMBATTISTA, an Italian poet and man of letters, was born at Ferrara in 1504. He studied the languages under Calcagnini, and medicine under Manardi, in which faculty he graduated. He was for twelve years professor of philosophy and physic at Ferrara, where duke Hercules made him his secretary. He was continued for some time in the same employ by duke Alphonso; but a difference, arising between him and Giambattista Pigna respecting a publication, caused him to quit Ferrara. In 1564 he accepted an invitation from the duke of Savoy to take the chair of eloquence in the university of Mondovi. He was honourably dismissed in 1568, and removed to a similar situation at Pavia. Finally, he returned to Ferrara, where he died in 1573. Cinthio Giraldi distinguished himself as a writer in various branches of literature. He wrote nine Italian tragedies, which were received with great applause. The most esteemed among them was "L'Orbecche," first represented before duke Hercules in 1541, and still accounted one of the best dramatic productions of that age. His pastoral drama, entitled "Egle," was writ3 1

ten earlier than the Sacrifizio of Beccari, usually reckoned the first composition of the kind. His poem of twenty-six cantos, entitled "Ercole," printed in 1557, has fallen into oblivion. The work by which he is most known is his "Ecatommithi," or Hundred Novels, two volumes 8vo. 1565. It has been translated into different languages, and furnished fables for dramatic and other compositions. He wrote in Latin "Poems," the "History of Andrew Doria," and a "Commentary on the Princes of Este and Ferrara, taken from the Epitome of Lilius Gyraldus." Moreri. Tiraboschi. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

GIRALDI, GIGLIO GREGORIO (Latin, Lilius Gyraldus), one of the most learned men of his time, was born at Ferrara in 1489. He studied the languages and law at his native place under the inconveniences of poverty, and, after finishing his education, went to Naples, where he contracted a friendship with Pontano, Sannazaro, and the other elegant scholars then flourishing in that city. He then visited Mirandola, Čarpi, and Milan, in which last place he improved himself in Greek under Demetrius Chalcondylas. At Modena, the countess Rangone chose him for preceptor to her son Hercules, afterwards cardinal. He accompanied this lady to Rome at the beginning of the pontificate of Leo X. and had apartments in the Vatican. From some lines in a MS. copy of Vida, it appears, that he gave instructions in polite literature to other youths: the omission of these verses (which are highly laudatory) in the printed work of Vida, was much resented by Giraldi. He remained in Rome during the two succeeding pontificates, and was thought to be in the way of high promotion; yet he obtained nothing more than the office of apostolical prothonotary. His health was much injured by his residence at Rome, where he contracted an obstinate gout, which ever after constantly tormented him; and to which it appears probable that he added another cause of disease derived from irregularity of life. At the sack of Rome in 1527 he lost all his property, and even his books. To this calamity was added that of the death of his patron, cardinal Rangone; so that he left the capitai in great distress, and went first to Bologna, and then to Mirandola. In this city he was received with great kindness by Gianfrancesco Pico, but ill fortune still pursued him. This patron was murdered in 1533, and Giraldi with great difficulty escaped to Ferrara with his life. From the extreme poverty to which he was reduced, he was relieved by the favour of the duchess Renata, and that of se

veral of the nobility, so that in his latter years he was able to lay up a sum of ten thousand crowns. His health, however, could not be recovered; and after extreme sufferings, he finished his days in 1552. He bequeathedmost of his property to duke Hercules, though he had several poor relations; and his books to Cinthio Giraldi, who appears to have been his kinsman. Such was the varied life of this learned man, who complained of having always had to combat against three enemies, nature, fortune, and injustice: The great extent of his reading is particularly shewn by his work entitled "Syntagma de Diis Gentium," in seventeen: dissertations. It is the first treatise in which mythology is discussed in a truly learned manner, and there is scarcely any ancient author, Greek or Latin, which he does not quote. The citations, indeed, are sometimes so numerous as to produce obscurity, nor is the criticism always exact; yet the learned world are under great obligations to him for what he has done. Belonging to the same argument are his Treatise on the Muses; on the Ships of the Ancients and their Modes of Burial; on the Life of Hercules; his Explications of the Pythagorical Symbols and other ancient Enigmas; his Treatise of Years and Months, with the Greek and Latin Calendars 3 andhis Thirty Dialogues on Subjects of Erudition. His other great work is a "History of the Greek and Latin Poets ;" and "of the Poets of his own Time;" the latter of which is an exact account of the state of poetry during the first fifty years of the sixteenth century. He was himself an elegant Latin poet, and some of his compositions are joined to the Leyden edition of his works in 1696, two volumes folio. It was probably a sense of his own misfortunes that induced him to write two small pieces against ingratitude, and a work which became famous, entitled "Progymnasmata adversus Litteras & Litteratos:" this attack upon letters, indeed, he asserted to be only a sport of the imagination. He translated from the Greek a work of Simon of Antioch, "De Cibariorum Facultate." Moreri. Tiraboschi. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

GIRALDUS, CAMBRENSIS. See BARRY. GIRARD, ANTHONY, a French Jesuit in the seventeenth century, was born in the diocese of Autun, in the year 1603. He entered into the order when he was eighteen years of age, and principally distinguished himself by the publication of numerous pious and devotional pieces, some of which have undergone several impressions. He died in the year 1680. For the titles of his works we refer our readers to Moreri.-M.

GIRARD, GABRIEL, distinguished for his writings on the French language, was almoner to the duchess of Berry, and king's interpreter for the Sclavonian and Russian languages. He was admitted into the French Academy in 1744, and died in 1748, at the age of seventy. His principal work was "Synonymes François," the purpose of which was to shew that the French words usually accounted synonymous have, almost all, shades of difference, which, in correct speech, should prevent them from being used indifferently. This position he illustrates by short sentences, in which the words are introduced, and which are generally useful maxims or delicate sentiments, chosen with much taste and a very nice discrimination. No work of the grammatical kind was ever so pleasing to read; and Voltaire says of it, "that it will subsist as long as the language, and will even serve to make it subsist." A new edition of it, much augmented, was published by M. Beauzée, in 1769, two volumes 12mo. The abbé Girard also wrote a French grammar, entitled "Principes de la Langue Françoise," two volumes 12mo. 1747, which has considerable merit, though it displays too much subtility of theory, and is censurable in point of style. Siècle de Louis XIV. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

GIRARD DE VILLETHIERRI, JOHN, a French priest, who was a native of Paris, where he died in 1709, at the age of sixtyeight years. He is highly praised for his piety and his virtues, and was the author of a great number of practical and devotional treatises, which have been frequently printed, and, according to Dupin, taken collectively, form a body of practical morality adapted to all conditions, and founded on the Scriptures, the canons, the councils, and the fathers. Their titles are enumerated in Moreri and the Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

GIRARDON, FRANCIS, an eminent French sculptor, born in 1630, was the son of a founder at Troyes in Champagne. His father meant to bring him up to the profession of the law; but his inclination for design broke through every attempt to control it, and it was found necessary to give him the education of an artist. After acquiring taste and practice in his native city, he went to Paris, and improved himself under the sculptor Anguier. The reputation he acquired by his performances caused him to be sent by the king with a liberal pension.to Rome. On his return he was admitted into the Academy of Painting in 1657, and obtained the patronage of Le Brun, which he returned by an unlimited deference. He wrought much from the designs of that painter; and was, doubtless, not

ill-pleased when the discouragement of Le Brun caused the celebrated sculptor Puget to quit Paris and return to Marseilles. Girardon is reckoned to have had more correctness than invention; and he modelled with more facility than he worked in marble, for his chisel is thought to have generally left an impression of heaviness. His works are, however, considered as master-pieces in the art. Among the principal are four of the figures composing the group of the baths of Apollo, and the rape of Proserpine; both in the gardens of Versailles : the equestrian statue of Lewis XIV. the largest that had been cast at a single font: and the mausoleum of cardinal Richelieu, in the church. of the Sorbonne. He made a present to his native place of a grand medallion of white marble representing Lewis XIV., which was received in his presence, with all the pomp and solemnity that could flatter the pride of the monarch and the vanity of the artist. Girardon seems, indeed, to have been a true courtier, and to have made it a principle to ingratiate himself with power, in all its changes. When Mignard succeeded Le Brun in the post of chief painter to the king, he treated him with the same deference as he had done the former, though at the same time he possessed the independent office of inspector-general of all works in sculpture. He cultivated the friendship of the fine writers of the age, several of whom have perpetuated his name. He rose through the various dignities in the academy to that of chancellor, to which he was nominated in 1695. After having adorned the capital and other parts of the kingdom with a number of works, and risen to the head of his profession, he died in 1715, at the age of eighty-five, and was buried in the splendid tomb which he had erected for his wife at Troyes. Moreri. D'Argenville.-A.

GIRON DE LOYASA, GARCIAS, a learned Spanish prelate in the sixteenth century, was born at Talavera, and pursued his studies in the university of Alcala. When he had completed his philosophical and theological courses, he applied to the study of history, and of the councils, with which he became intimately conversant. Afterwards he retired to Toledo, of which he had obtained a canonry, and where his uncle Lopez de Carvajal resigned to him the archdeaconry of Guadalajar, which is one of the dignities belonging to the church of that city. In the year 1585 Philip II. king of Spain sent for him to court, where he made him his almoner, and master of the royal chapel; soon after which he confided to his care the education of his son Philip, infant of Spain. When

in the year 1596 cardinal Albert of Austria went to assume the government of the Low-countries, he appointed Giron his vicar-general over his archbishopric of Toledo; and upon the subsequent marriage of the cardinal, the king preferred his almoner to that valuable see. He had but a short enjoyment, however, of his new dignity; for he died in 1599, within five or six months after his advancement, and his death is said to have been hastened by the chagrin which he felt on account of the little respect shewn him by his late pupil, who had succeeded his father on the throne. He was the author of a valuable collection of Spanish Councils, published in 1594, in folio, under the title of Collectio Conciliorum Hispaniæ, cum Notis & Emendationibus." Moreri.—M.

GIROUST, JAMES, a French Jesuit, and reckoned one of the most excellent preachers in the seventeenth century, was born at Beaufort, a town in Anjou, in the year 1624. He entered on his noviciate in the year 1641, and after passing through the usual academic courses made pulpit eloquence the principal subject of his attention. In this line he rose to high reputation in his native province, and afterwards in the capital. His matter was generally judiciously chosen, and well digested; his manner easy and unaffected; and his style, with the exception of occasional negligences, distinguished by true simplicity, energy, and pathos. When he was at the height of his popularity, he was incapacitated for further public services by a paralytic attack; but, as he retained his faculties, he was for some years much resorted to in the capacity of confessor, as well as learned and judicious adviser on difficult points of casuistry. He died in 1689, when about sixtyfive years of age. After his death, father Bretonneau published a collection of his "Sermons," in 1704, in five volumes 12mo. Moreri.-M. GISBERT, JOHN, a learned French Jesuit who flourished in the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century, was born at Cahors, in the year 1639. He became a member of the order in 1654, and so well improved his advantages for study, that he was early selected for the office of tutor. During seven years he presided over the classical and rhetorical forms at Tours; and afterwards taught philosophy for four years, and theology during an equal period, in that city. His next appointment was to the theological chair in the university of Toulouse, which he filled for eighteen years with eminent success and reputation. Together with considerable erudition and various knowledge, he possessed great quickness of apprehension and a solid judgment, so that he

could resolve with readiness the most difficult questions put to him; and he displayed a happy art of inspiring young persons with the love of study, by entering into familiar discussions with them on the subjects of their enquiries, and rendering himself accessible to them at all times for private information. After he was released from the duties of his professorship, lie was appointed principal of the Jesuits' college at Toulouse; and in the year 1703 was chosen provincial of the order in Languedoc. He died at Toulouse in 1710, in the seventy-first year of his age. His principal works were: "In Summam Sancti Thomæ Quæstiones Juris & Facti theologica in Collegio Tolosano Societatis Jesu. propugnatæ," 1670, folio; "DissertationesAcademicæ Selectæ, &c." 1688, 8vo. of which the subjects are enumerated by Moreri; "Seientia Religionis Universa, sive Christiana Theologia, Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ nova Methodo sociata, Questiones Juris & Facti complectens," 1689, in two volumes 8vo.; and "Antiprobabilismus, sive Tractatus Theologicus fidelem totius Probabilismi Stateram continens, in quo ex Rationibus divinis accuratè examinatur sive Veritas seu Falsitas cujuscunque Probabilismi in Materia morali," 1703, 4to. a work which Dupin has analysed and recommended as a performance of great merit. Moreri. Dupin.-M.

GISBERT, BLAISE, a French Jesuit, who like the preceding was a native of Cahors, was born in the year 1567, and entered into the order in 1672. For some years he filled the posts of classical and rhetorical tutor; but afterwards was selected for the service of the pulpit, in which he is said to have been much admired and followed. The last years of his lifehe spent in the college belonging to the Society at Montpellier, where he died in 1731. He was the author of "The Art of Educating a Prince," 1687, 4to. ; reprinted in the following year in two volumes 12mo. under the title of "The Art of forming the Mind and Heart of a Prince :" and "Philosophy for a Prince; or, A true Idea of the Modern and of the Ancient Philosophy," 1689, 8vo. But the work which does him most honour, is his "Christian Eloquence, in Theory and Practice," 1714, 4to. which was republished in 1728 at Amsterdam, in 12mo. with notes, by the celebrated James L'Enfant, who awards it a high share of praise. The author left behind him in MS. a work which, if well executed, must be gratifying to curiosity: it is entitled "A critical History of the Art of Preaching among the French, from the early Years of the Reign of Francis I. to the Reign of Lewis XV." Moreri.-M.

GIUS TINIANI, AUGUSTIN, a learned ec

clesiastic and historian, was born of a noble family at Genoa, in 1470. He entered into the order of preachers at Pavia in 1488, on which occasion he changed his baptismal name of Peter for Augustin. In 1514 he was made bishop of Nebbio in Corsica. He was editor in 1516 of the Psalter in four languages, the Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and Chaldee, with three Latin interpretations and glosses; which was the first of the Polyglott editions of the books of Scripture. The reputation he acquired by this work caused him to be invited to Paris by Francis I. who gave him a pension, and appointed him to the first professorship of oriental languages in that university, which office he held five years. He collected a very choice library, rich in Oriental, Greek, and Latin MSS. which he afterwards presented to the republic of Genoa. After leaving France, he went to his diocese, and employed himself for some years in pastoral cares, improving its revenue, building an episcopal palace, and performing all the duties of a good pastor. On passing the sea to his bishopric in 1536, he was lost with the ship. This prelate revised and edited the treatise of Porchetti, entitled "Victoria adversus impios Judæos." After his death were published his "Annals of the Republic of Genoa," from the foundation of the city to the year 1528. They are written in Italian, in a rude style, and not without a mixture of fables when treating on the older periods; but they are highly valuable for the copious information relative to later times, and for their sincerity. Bayle. Moreri. Tiraboschi.-A.

GIUSTINIANI, BERNARD, a Venetian noble and man of letters, was born in 1408. He was educated under the most learned persons of his time, and obtained great reputation for his eloquence. The republic employed him on several honourable occasions. In 1451 he was appointed to receive the emperor Frederic III. on his passing through the Venetian territory. He afterwards was sent on embassies to Ferdinand king of Naples, to several of the popes, and to Lewis XI. king of France, who honoured him with knighthood. In 1467 he was made captain-commandant of Padua, and in the progress of civic honours he was admitted into the council of ten, made counsellor, savio-grande, and finally procurator of St. Mark. He died in 1489. Giustiniani was the author of several works; of which are a number of Orations upon public occasions; the Life of his uncle the Blessed Lorenzo Giustiniani; three pieces on the Life, the Translation, and the Appearance of St. Mark; a version of the Book of

Isocrates to Nicocles; some Latin Letters of his father Leonardo; and the Ancient History of Venice, in fifteen books, from its foundation to the year 809," written in Latin. This last has been several times printed, and has been translated into Italian by Lodov. Domenichi: it is accounted a valuable performance, the authorities of which are derived from the best sources, rejecting the fables adopted by some other writers. It was composed in his old age, and did not receive his finishing hand. Moreri. Tiraboschi.—A.

GLABER, RODOLPH, a benedictine monk of Cluni, flourished in the eleventh century. He was conversant with the learning of that dark period, and has perpetuated his name by a "Chronicle or History of France," written in Latin. It consists of five books, of which the first relates to the events of the monarchy previous to the election of Hugh Capet, and the four subsequent ones to those following it, to the year 1046. Though a work of barbarous composition, and full of fables, it is valuable for the information it contains relative to those remote ages. It has been printed in the historical collections of Pithou and Duchesne. Glaber also wrote a Life of William abbot of St. Benignus at Dijon, which has been printed. · M1⁄2- * reri.-A.

GLANDORP, JOHN, a learned philologist, was born at Munster. He studied under Melancthon at Wittemberg, and distinguished himself by his classical and critical knowledge. He was made rector of the college at Hanover, which post, upon some quarrel, he quitted in 1555, and retiring to Goslar, was followed by most of his scholars. He had the direction of the school of that town till 1560, when he removed to Marpurg, and occupied the chair of history in that university. He died there in 1564. His works are: "Sylva Carminum Elegiacorum;" "Descriptio Gentis Antoniæ ;” "Familiæ Julia Gentis;" "Disticha Sacra & Moralia ;"" Annotat. in Jul. Cæsaris Commentar. ;"" Annotat. in Ciceronis Epist. familiar. ;" "Onomasticon Historiæ Romane."

Moreri.-A.

GLANDORP, MATTHEW-LEWIS, an eminent German physician and surgeon, was the son of a surgeon at Cologne, where he was born in 1595. He studied at Bremen and Cologne; and then visiting Italy, he heard the lectures of Aquapendente, Spigelius, and Sanctorius, at Padua, and took the degree of doctor in that university. On his return he settled at Bremen, where he was appointed first physician to the archbishop, and