prepared to repel force by force. In the uproar that followed he could not make himself heard by those at a distance, wherefore he put his hand to his head, to signify that his life was in danger. This was interpreted by his enemies as a demand of the regal tiara; and the consul Mutius Scævola was urged to arm his legions and attack the party of Gracchus. Upon his refusal to concur in so bloody a proposal, Scipio Nasica, a relation but an inveterate enemy of Gracchus, who had always recommended violent measures, cried out, "Since our consul betrays us, let those who love the republic follow me;" and immediately proceeded with a number of other senators to the scene of action. His party, armed with staves and clubs, fell indiscriminately upon all in their way, and soon dispersed the crowd round Gracchus. The deserted tribune being seized by the robe, left it behind him and fled; but chancing to stumble over a bench, he received a blow as he rose again which stunned him. His foes rushing on, dispatched him with repeated blows. Above three hundred of the people were slain with him, and the bodies of all, that of Tiberius included, were thrown into the Tyber. Several of his friends were afterwards banished without trial, and some of them were put to a cruel death. This storm of civil fury took place B.C. 133, when Gracchus had not completed his thirtieth year. The senate passed an act of indemnity for all who were concerned in the massacre; but the people expressed such a rooted detestation of Ñasica, that he was obliged to quit Italy, and never returned. With respect to Tiberius Gracchus, his memory has been regarded either as that of a martyr to liberty or of a victim to lawless ambition, according to the different principles of those who have commented on his actions. All have agreed in acknowledging his great talents and his private worth; and the candid have generally admitted the purity and patriotism of his original opposition to patrician injustice. Plutarch Vit. Gracchor. Univers. Hist.-A.

GRACCHUS, CAIUS, brother of the preceding, was his junior by nine years. In temper he was warmer than Tiberius, nor was he so much distinguished by the sobriety of his manners, though in that respect he might be advantageously compared to the Roman youth in general. He enjoyed the same advantages of education with his brother, which he so well improved as to become one of the ablest orators of his time. Cicero (de Clar. Orator.) says of him, that he knows not if he had his equal in eloquence; and particularly recommends his

compositions, though unfinished, to the study of youth. His person was graceful, his action strong and impressive, his voice of great compass, and melodious when the vehemence of pleading did not raise it to too high a key; to correct which defect he was accustomed to place a judicious person behind him with a pitch-pipe, by which he might regulate his tone.

After the tragical end of his brother, Caius passed some time in retirement, cultivating his rhetorical talents, and secretly preparing to act his part also on the theatre of the public. He chose first to appear abroad; and in the year B.C. 126 he accompanied the consul Aurelius Orestes to Sardinia as his questor. He there obtained general applause, as well by his strict attention to the duties of his office as by his humanity and temperance. The army being distressed for want of clothing, he successfully exerted his influence among the Sardinian towns in procuring a supply. The senate, jealous of the popularity he acquired on this occasion, changed all the troops quartered in the island, but detained Gracchus there as pro-questor, in order to keep him at a distance from the turbulent scenes of the Roman forum. Perceiving their intentions, he ventured, in defiance of the military laws, to quit Sardinia without leave of his commander, and suddenly made his appearance at Rome. He was called to account for this misdemeanour by the censors, but he pleaded his cause so well that he was acquitted. Soon after, he became a candidate for the tribuneship; and such was the zeal of the people in his favour, that the Campus Martius was not able to contain the multitude who flocked from the Italian towns to support his election, and many gave their votes from the tops of the adjacent houses. It is said that his mother, alarmed at the prospect of the dangers in which he was about to involve himself and his country, earnestly, but in vain, urged him to desist from his pretensions; and two letters to this purpose are given as hers among the remaining fragments of Cornelius Nepos; but it may be questioned whether a woman of her high spirit, and who always afterwards prided herself in being the mother of the Gracchi, would have chosen to recommend an unambitious retirement to either of them. It appears, however, that at the request of his mother, whom he greatly honoured, Caius dropt the pursuit of a law levelled against his brother's old competitor Octavius. His orations to the people were manifestly calculated to revive their indignation against the senators for their conduct towards Tiberius; and he carried motions for the con

firmation of his brother's laws, and the passing of others still more obnoxious to the patricians. Being nominated a commissioner for the division of lands among the poor citizens and allies, in his progress through Italy he laudably employed himself in repairing roads, building bridges, and other useful works. Still more popular was the law he carried for establishing public granates in Rome, whence the citizens were to have monthly distributions of corn at a very low price, the expences of which were to be defrayed by duties laid on goods imported into the dominions of the late king Attalus. By these and other acts he so ingratiated himself with the people, that he was chosen tribune a second tiric, in spite of all the opposition of the nobles. Encouraged by this success he struck a severer blow at the senate, by proposing a law for transferring from the senators to the knights the cognizance of all private causes, civil and criminal; and when, by his influence, a decree of the people for this purpose was obtained, he could not forbear crying out in triumph," At dength I have humbled the senate." A farther humiliation, merely of the irritating kind, which he contrived for them, was to place the seats in the comitium, so that the orators who addressed the people must at the same time turn their backs upon the senators. Such was his influence at this period, that he was able to confer the consulship upon his friend Fannius Strabo; but this person, either seriously alarmed at Gracchus's democratical plans, or gained over by the patricians, was one of the first who vigorously opposed him. He was still more injured by an artifice practised by the senate, who secretly engaged Livius Drusus, one of the tribunes, to vie with him in the affections of the people, by outdoing him in every motion which e made in their favour, and carrying it a degree farther. They, moreover, incited another tribune to propose a decree for rebuilding Carthage, and when it was passed, to nominate, under pretence of honouring them, Gracchus, with his democratic associate Fulvius Flaccus, among the leaders of the new colony. His necessary absence on this occasion, together with the arts of the other party, dimimished his influence with the people; and though, upon his return, he used means to recover his popularity, he was not able to carry his election when he stood candidate a third time for the tribuneship. Another misfortune to him was the election of his professed enemy L. Opimius to the consulate. As he now foresaw an impending storm, he wished to avail himself of a temporary absence in prosecuting his commis

sion at Carthage; but the senate now thought proper to oppose this project, and a tribune of their party moved for the repeal of the law relative to the colonising of that place. As he founded his motion on some pretended prodigies which had happened on marking out the ground for the new city, Gracchus was provoked to say in public, "that if the senate reported that Heaven opposed the rebuilding of Carthage by prodigies, the senate lied;" a bold truth, which men's minds were as yet scarcely prepared to hear! When this subject was to be finally determined in the comitia, Gracchus, and his violent partisan Fulvius, made preparations either to employ, or to resist, the force which, in the present state of parties, was likely to be resorted to. It unfortunately happened that one of the consul's lictors, behaving with insolence to Gracchus and his friends, was stabbed in the midst of a sacrifice. This rash action was the signal of civil war. The body of the lictor was publicly exposed, and Opimius with his consular troops took possession of the capitol, and was empowered by the senate "to take care that the republic received no detriment," which was, in fact, giving him dictatorial power. Fulvius, meantime, seized upon mount Aventine; and Gracchus, though unwillingly, set out to join him. It appears that his soul shrunk back at the idea of citizens shedding the blood of fellow-citizens; and it was with the most painful emotions that he broke loose from his wife, who, with their son in her arms, held him by the robe, and conjured him not to go to a certain death. On arriving at the spot, he sent proposals of accommodation to the consul, which were rejected; and a price was set upon the heads of Gracchus and Fulvius. Opimius marched on, and a formal battle ensued, in which many were slain on both sides. The populace at length deserted their friends, and Fulvius, who had concealed himself, was discovered and killed. Gracchus, whom either timidity or humanity had kept out of the battle, retired for refuge first to the temple of Diana; but being urged by his friends to a farther flight, he is said to have solemnly imprecated upon the heads of the Roman people perpetual slavery for their base desertion of him, and then to have left the city across the bridge named Sublicius. His retreat was fayoured by two faithful friends, who defended the bridge till they fell, covered with wounds. Gracchus, meantime, reached a grove sacred to the furies, where, according to one account, a slave by his orders dispatched him, and then himself; according to another, he was over

a critic was modest, and free from the pride and pedantry which too often accompany this character. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

GRAFFIGNY, FRANCES D'ISSEMBOURG D'HAPPONCOURT DE, a literary lady, daughter of a major of the gendarmerie of the duke of Lorrain, was born at Nanci about 1694. Her husband, De Graffigny, chamberlain to the duke of Lorrain, was a man of such a violent and brutal disposition, that after living many years with him she obtained a legal separation from him. She then went to Paris with mademoiselle de Guise, who was espoused to marshal Richelieu, and soon made her merit known to the wits of that capital. She first appeared as an author in a Spanish novel in 1745. This was followed by the "Lettres d'une Peruvienne," two volumes 12mo., which were very much read and admired, notwithstanding some affectation in the style, and too metaphysical a manner of treating the passion of love. It is accounted to enter with great art into all the delicacies and intricacies of the feelings, and to describe with much force and vivacity. A dramatic piece by madame de Graffigny, in five acts in prose, entitled "Cenie," was regarded as one of the best specimens of sentimental or pathetic comedy. Another of a similar kind named “ La Fille d'Aristide,” obtained less applause. This authoress was of a very est mable character in private life, and had many respectable friends. The emperor and empress honoured her with their friendship, and made her frequent presents. She was an associate of the academy of Florence. She died at Paris in 1758, at the age of sixty-four. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

GRAIN, or GRIN, JOHN-BAPTIST LE, a French historian, descended from an ancient family in the Low-countries, was born at Paris in 1565. He was educated with care, and in his youth attended on the court, where he attached himself to the service of Henry IV. That prince, on the establishment of the household of his queen Mary de Medicis, appointed Le Grain to the office of her counsellor and master of requests in ordinary. His principal employment, however, was in writing, and in attending to the education of his children. It was on their account that he drew up memoirs relative to the history of France, which remained in MS. till his relation, the chancellor De Sillery, persuaded him to publish a part of them. His first publication, which he printed in his own house, was entitled "Decade contenant l'Histoire de Henri le Grand Roi de France & Navarre, IV. du Nom," folio, 1614, in ten books:

it comprises the period from the peace of Cambray in 1559, to the king's death in 1610. This was written with a freedom which pleased the young king Lewis XIII. to whom it was presented; and by his order he published a second decade in 1618, giving the history of that king's reign from 1610 to 1617. The honesty of his narration and candour of his sentiments raised a storm against his work, and several attempts were made to procure a censure upon it from the Sorbonne, but without success; that body declaring that they found nothing in it deserving of censure. The real grounds of the objections made to it were, that the author had spoken favourably of Dr. Richer and his works, that he had supported the liberties of the Gallican church, that he had censured the attempts to introduce into France those articles of the council of Trent which had been rejected, that he disapproved the establishment of new religious orders, and was not favourable to the persecution of heretics. Though all this only proved him to be a good Frenchman, yet his enemies had influence enough to procure from the king letters for the suppression of the sale of those copies of his work which remained in his hands. He has left in MS. a kind of manifesto relating all the proceedings respecting his book, which sufficiently displays the discouragements attending honest historians under an absolute monarchy. He left in MS. a third decade of his history, and some other pieces on historical and chronological topics. His writings are only valuable for their facts, the style being very disagreeable, and the narration interrupted by impertinent matter. The treatment he met with disgusted him with the court, and he spent his latter years in retirement on his estate of Montgeron, where he died in 1642. In his testament he enjoined his descendants never to entrust the education of their children to the Jesuits. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

GRAINGER, JAMES, M.D. a poetical and medical writer, was born in 1724, at Dunse in Berwickshire, whither his father had removed, as an excise officer, after selling his estate of Houghton-hall, in Cumberland. James received a classical education at North Berwick, and was then put apprentice to a surgeon in Edinburgh. He attended the medical lectures in the university, and then entered the army as a regimental surgeon, in which capacity he served both at home and abroad. On the peace of 1748 he took the degree of doctor of physic, and settled in the practice of his profession at London. His taste for elegant literature made him known to several of the wits and poets of the time, and the

publication of his Ode on Solitude in Dodsley's collection gave him a respectable rank among them; but his professional encouragement was probably inconsiderable, since we find him engaged as tutor to a young man of fortune at a salary of two hundred pounds per annum. In 1759 he published his translation of Tibullus, which he had completed many years before. It was dedicated to his pupil, whom, in' the following year, he accompanied to the West Indies. He settled at Basseterre, in the island of St. Christopher, married the daughter of the governor, and pursued the practice of physic with great success. At the same time he did At the same time he did not desert the amusement of poetry, but composed his principal work, on a subject dictated by his situation, a didactic poem on the culture of the sugar-cane. This he published in 1764, after revisiting England, and submitting the MS. to the criticism of his friends. He then returned to Basseterre, where he died in December 1767, much esteemed and regretted. Of his private character nothing need be added to the encomium of his friend Dr. Percy: "He was not only a man of genius and learning, but had many excellent virtues; being one of the most generous, friendly, and benevolent men I ever knew."

Dr. Grainger in his poetical capacity stands highest as the writer of the " Ode on Solitude," the fine exordium of which Mr. Roswell tells us that Dr. Johnson repeated with great energy, adding liberal praise to the whole. AnAnother short piece, entitled " Bryan and Pereene," printed in Percy's Reliques, is a beautifully pathetic and descriptive ballad. His "Sugar-Cane" will be admired only by those who can bear prosaic matter raised upon the stilts of blank-verse. It is, however, not without some of those addresses to the imagination which the climate and scene copiously furnish in the walks of natural beauty and sublimity; but they are scarcely equal to what might have been expected from the author of the Ode on Solitude. Indeed, they are injured by the medium of a stiff and constrained diction. His translation of the elegies of Tibullus is respectable, but not eminently happy. He has not shackled himself with a close adherence to the original, yet he fails of attaining the case and tenderness of Hammond's imitation. The work was printed with the original Latin, and with copious and learned explanatory notes. It was animadverted upon by Dr. Smollett in the Critical Review with a severity which caused an appeal to the public on the part of Dr. Grainger, and entirely broke the friendship between

VOL. IV.

them. Neither this nor the Sugar-Cane reached a second edition. The doctor's medical writings were, "Historia Febris Anomale Batave, Ann. 1746-47-48," 8vo.; and a "Treatise on the more common West-India Diseases," 8vo. 1764. Life, in Anderson's British Poets.-A.

GRAMAYE, JOHN-BAPTIST, a writer of history, was a native of Antwerp. He studied at Louvain, and taught rhetoric in that university. He was afterwards made historiographer to the Low-countries, provost of Arnheim, and apostolical prothonotary. He travelled through Germany and Italy; and proceeding from the latter country to Spain, he was made captive by an Algerine corsair, and carried into Africa. This opportunity of seeing another part of the world was not unimproved by him, as will appear from the list of his writings. After returning to his native country, he travelled into Moravia and Silesia, and in the latter province was placed by cardinal Dietrichstein at the head of a college. He died upon a journey at Lubeck, in 1635. Gramaye was a man of learning, and composed Latin works both in prose and verse. Of the former are," Africa illustratæ, Lib. X," 4to., 1622; containing a history of Africa from the remotest periods to his own times, with some geographical details : "Diarium Algeriense;" the result of local observations during his captivity: "Peregrinatio Belgica," 8vo. :" Antiquitates Flandriæ," 1608, folio:" Historia Namurcensis." Moreri. Neuv Dict. Hist.-A.

GRANCOLAS, JOHN, a French divine and writer in ecclesiastical antiquities and controversy in the seventeenth and former part of the eighteenth century, was a native of Paris, where he died in the year 1732. He was admitted to the degree of doctor by the faculty of the Sorbonne, in the year 1685, on which occasion he kept his act with great applause. He was made chaplain to the duke of Orleans, the regent, and after his death chaplain of St. Bennet's. Becoming attached to the study of ecclesiastical rites and usages, he made large collections from the fathers, and other ancient authors, the canons, liturgies, &c. and published a great number of treatises, from the year 1692 to 1728, which, though chiefly compilations, serve to throw light on the discipline and ceremonies of the Greek and Latin churches the titles of his smaller pieces of this description, as well as of his controversial and devotional treatises, we refer our readers to Moreri. His principal works, besides a translation into French of "The Works of St. Cyril," 1715,

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For