the conduct of young females, on all of which are given many valuable and judicious observations, displaying much knowledge of the world. Indeed, his precepts may be thought in some respects too much founded on worldly prudence, and too little indulgent to the native feelings of the heart. All the works of Dr. Gregory were published together in four volumes 8vo., 1788. In private character he was highly worthy and amiable, and much beloved by his friends. Dr. Beattie, one of the most intimate of them, has concluded the second book of his beautiful poem "The Minstrel," with a very pathetic apostrophe to his memory. Life, prefixed to his Works.-A.

GRENADA, LEWIS DE, a Spanish dominican monk in the sixteenth century, whose writings are held in much estimation by devout Catholics, was born at the city whence he derived his surname, in the year 1504. He was educated in the family of the marquis de Mondejar, and afterwards embracing the ecclesiastical life, acquired a high character for sanctity and virtue, and was chosen to fill the most honourable posts in his order. He was also much admired for his pulpit talents, and was held in high consideration by the kings of Portugal and Castile. He was confessor to queen Catharine of Portugal, sister to the emperor Charles V., who was desirous of appointing him to the archbishopric of Braga; but he resolutely declined the proffered honour, and, with much persuasion, prevailed on his celebrated friend Bartholomew, of the Martyrs, to accept of that dignity. Indeed he uniformly refused all the offers of ecclesiastical preferment which were made to him, and devoted his days to the austerities of monastic discipline, and the composition of pious and devotional treatises. St. Charles Borromeo and St. Francis de Sales held his writings in high esteem, and strongly recommended the perusal of them to their flocks. And pope Gregory XIII., under whose pontificate they were composed, was lavish in his encomiums on them, declaring that the author, by sending them into the world, had shewn himself as great a benefactor to the church, as he could have done by giving life to the dead, and eyes to the blind. The piety which they enforce, however, is deeply tinctured with superstition and fanaticism; and the moral discipline which they recommend, too ascetic or the rational religionist, and useful citizen of the world. They are, besides, abundartly interspersed with visionary reveries, and absurd gendary tas. gendary tas. The author died in the year 1588. His works consist of "The

Sinner's Guide;" "Memorial of a Christian. Life," in three volumes; "A Catechism," in four volumes; "A Treatise on Prayer," in two volumes; "A Treatise on the Duty of Bishops;" "Instructions for Preachers;" and "Sermons," in the Latin language, in six volumes. The greater part of them has been translated from. the Spanish and Latin into French, by father Girard, and published in two volumes folio, and eight volumes in 8vo. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

GRESHAM, sir THOMAS, an eminent and patriotic merchant of the city of London, was. the younger son of sir Richard Gresham, also a merchant, and lord-mayor of London, who was descended from a good family in Norfolk. Thomas was born at London in 1519, and received an academical education at Gonvilehall, in Cambridge; but being designed to follow the commercial business of the family, he was bound apprentice to his uncle sir John Gresham, and was admitted into the Mercers' company in 1543. He soon after married, and during his father's life pursued his mercantile employments at home with great diligence. He was disappointed in his expectation of becoming his father's successor in the agency of the king's money affairs at Antwerp; but the person who had obtained the preference having, by mismanagement, brought them into a bad condition, Gresham was sent over in 1552, by the regency in the minority of Edward VI. in order to retrieve them. He so ably conducted this business, that in about two years he paid off the whole of a loan bearing enormous interest, and raised the king's credit to the most respectable rank. At the accession of Elizabeth he was for a time deprived of his office, but it was restored to him, and he held it, together with that of queen's-merchant, as long as he lived. He also received from her the honour of knighthood. He was of great use in the pecuniary negociations of that reign, and was likewise a spirited promoter of the infant manufactures of the kingdom, those of small-wares in particular being established principally through his means. The property he inherited, with that of his own acquisition, made him the richest subject in the metropolis, and he displayed his wealth in the most liberal manner. Having lost his only son in 1564, he diverted his grief by public undertakings. The design of providing the merchants of London with a burse or exchange, in imitation of that of Antwerp, was first entertained by his father. Sir Thomas brought it to effect; for the city having agreed to purchase a piece of

ground fit for the purpose, he began the erection at his own expence in 1566, and brought it to completion within three years. This edifice was reckoned equal in every respect to its model at Antwerp. It consisted of covered walks below and shops above, which last brought in a considerable rent to the undertaker. Queen Elizabeth, attended by a train of nobility, entered in procession into the city in January, 1570, and after dining at sir Thomas's house in Bishopsgate-street, paid a visit to the new fabric, the shops of which were decked out with all the richest commodities of the metropolis. She then solemnly proclaimed it the Royal Exchange, which name its successor since the fire of London has borne to the present day. Gresham is still justly looked upon as the founder; and his crest, the grasshopper, with his statue, are seen in the modern building. When the troubles in the Low-countries interrupted the accustomed loans to the crown from Antwerp, sir Thomas advised the minister, Cecil, to apply to the merchants of his own country; and though the company of merchant-adventurers at first refused the requested loan, yet his influence, together with a letter in a somewhat menacing style from the privy-council, induced several of the monied men to join in a small one, which may be considered as the commencement of the vast advances since made to the crown from the same body. The literary education Gresham had received probably impressed him with a notion of the value of learning different from that commonly entertained by men of business; and it appeared to him worthy of his patriotic spirit to bestow part of his wealth in founding a college for the sciences in his native city. The university of Cambridge, with less liberality than, it is to be hoped, now prevails in that seminary, endeavoured to dissuade him from thus establishing a rival institution; but his determination was fixed. He devised by will his house in Bishopsgate-street for the purpose of being converted into habitations and lecture-rooms for seven professors or lecturers on the seven liberal sciences, who were each to receive a salary out of the revenues of the Royal Exchange. We shall not here discuss the utility of such an institution, or enter into its history. With respect to the founder, it is an undoubted proof of his affection to learning and mental improvement, a due degree of which it may be presumed he did not think injurious to the mercantile character. From the History of Gresham Professors by Mr. Ward, it appears that many eminent men have been of

the number, though they perhaps hold the office chiefly as a sinecure. The places are continued, with a double sa ary, as a compensation for the loss of the apartments by the conversion of Gresham-college into the modern general excise-office. The lectures are now given in the Royal Exchange. The favourite villa of sir Thomas was at Osterly-park, near Brentford, upon which he expended a great sum; at the same time not forgeting to consult profit as well as pleasure, in which view, among his edifices were corn, oil, and paper mills upon the stream of the Brent. In the possession of general respect and esteem, he died suddenly in November, 1579, at the age of sixty. Biog. Britan.—A.

GRESSET, JOHN BAPTIST LEWIS, an ele gant French poet, was born at Amiens in 1709. He entered at the age of sixteen among the Jesuits; and from that retreat surprised the public by the production of some poems, which possessed all the ease and delicate pleasantry that could have been expected in a man of the world. These were his "Ver-Vert," a charming tale, and his pleasing epistles of "La Chartreuse," "Les Ombres," "Epitre au Père Bougeant," and others. The reputation they obtained was the cause of his quitting the society in his twenty-sixth year, and fixing in the metropolis. He then tried his powers in dramatic composition, and wrote the tragedy of "Edouard," which had little success. His "Sidnei," a comedy of the grave and romantic kind, was better received; but it was his "Mechant," represented in 1747, which raised him to the first rank of writers in this class. Its success was prodigious, and it has ever been regarded as a masterpiece in that species of comedy which paints manners with truth and force, without being highly comic. Gresset was admitted into the French Academy in 1748. He grew wearied, however, with the life of a literary man in the capital; and although he had always respected morals and decorum in his works, he began to be affected by the scruples concerning theatrical exhibitions which are inculcated in the catholic religion; and soon after solemnly renounced the stage, by a letter, in which he displayed the dangers attending public spectacles. He returned to Amiens, where he had a post in the finances, married a lady with a good fortune, and passed his life in a manner which acquired him the esteem and respect of his fellow-citizens. In 1775 he revisited Paris, and had the honour, as director of the French Academy, to compliment Lewis XVI. and his queen on their accession to the

throne. His discourse upon this occasion, which was printed, was a severe satire on the vices and follies of the metropolis. He received from the court letters of nobility and the order of St. Michael, and was appointed historiographer of the order of St. Lazore. He did not long survive his return, dying in June 1777, in consequence of an abscess in his breast.

Among Gresset's works, besides those above mentioned, are some comic pieces, odes, a translation of Virgil's eclogues, and other short compositions. His poetical fame is principally founded on his " Chartreuse," " Ver-Vert," and "Le Mechant;" the first characterised by its philosophical freedom, harmony, and richness of expression; the second by its ingenious and natural badinage; the third by the accuracy of its portraitures and beauty of its versification. "Gresset," says M. Bailly, "placed between Chaulieu and Voltaire for the graces of light poetry, and perhaps the first at the theatre for elegance of versification in comedy, is also entitled to the glory, that his morals were pure as his style." Eloge de Gresset, par Bailly. Necrologe Fr. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

GRETSER, JAMES, a learned German Jesuit, who flourished towards the latter end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century, was born at Marckdorf, in the year 1560. He entered into the order when he was seventeen years of age, and, applying with great assiduity to his studies, became a considerable proficient in the ancient and modern languages, philosophy, theology, and ecclesiastical and profane antiquities. He filled successively the chairs of philosophy, morals, and divinity, during twenty-five years, in the university of Ingoldstadt, and died there in 1625, when he was about sixty-four years of age. He spent a considerable part of his life in writing against protestant authors, and in defence of the order to which he belonged. The ablest of his controversial pieces are those intended to refute the answers of Whitaker, Iunius, Daneau, and other Protestants, to Bellarmine, which, though written with ease and shrewdness, are often wanting in judgment, and disgraced by too great violence and asperity, even according to the acknowledgments of father Simon, Dupin, father Niceron, and the best catholic critics. They form a collection in two volumes folio, printed at Ingoldstadt, in 1607 and 1609. He also wrote a great number of treatises in profane and ecclesiastical antiquities, one of the most celebrated of which is a learned but diffuse work "De Cruce," in three volumes 4to. Dupin has analysed this work of our author;

and in his observations upon it remarks, that "it is a pity that he was not a better critic, and that he adopted pieces and incidents that were either spurious or doubtful. But the circumstance which ought to be most esteemed in his works is, the prodigious variety that is found in them, and the accuracy with which he collected on each subject whatever bears any relation to it. It may be affirmed that his books will furnish very good materials to those who would write upon the same subjects." He was well versed in the Greek tongue, and published some grammatical pieces in that language, together with notes on some Greek authors, as George Codinus, Curopalata, John Cantacuzenus, &c. All his works, originals and translations, amounting to one hundred and fifty-three in number, were printed at Ratisbon in 1739, in seventeen volumes folio. Bayle. Moreri. Dupin. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

GREVILLE, FULKE, lord Brooke, a courtier distinguished for his literary talents, was the descendant of an ancient family settled at Beauchamp's-Court, in Warwickshire, where he was born in 1554. He was educated at both universities, but chiefly at Trinity college, Cambridge, and afterwards added to his academical acquisitions the ornamental accomplishments of a gentleman, in a course of foreign travel. He was early introduced to the court of queen Elizabeth, where he was much admired, and attracted the notice of his royal mistress so as to become a particular favourite. She shewed her regard in a manner not very pleasing to one of his gallant spirit, by restraining him from taking part in some martial enterprises abroad on which he was bent. For his disobedience in some instances, he was punished by intervals of banishment from court. His favour during this reign procured him little advancement, and it was chiefly through the interest of sir Henry Sidney that he obtained' two lucrative_posts in the court of the marches of Wales. For these he was probably indebted to his friendship with sir Henry's illustrious son, sir Philip Sidney, which was so intimate, that on his heroic death in the Low-countries, he bequeathed to Fulke Greville a moiety of his books. In 1597 he received from the queen the honour of knighthood, and two years after, the office of treasurer of marine causes. He sat in several parliaments during this period as knight of the shire for the county of Warwick, and probably acted as a courtier. Lord Bacon, in a collection of wise sayings, has quoted a short speech of sir Fulke Greville, when the house was demurring about establishing a precedent in some

affair respecting the crown. "Why should you stand so much upon precedents? The times hereafter will be good or bad: if good, precedents will do no harm; if bad, power will make a way where it finds none." Though there is some shrewdness in this observation, its parliamentary wisdom may be questioned.

At the accession of James, he was created a knight of the Bath, and soon after had the grant of the castle of Warwick. This building was then in a ruinous state, and he is said to have expended twenty thousand pounds in repairing and beautifying it. Other valuable grants were made him; but it was not till a later period of the reign that he rose to any post in the state. In 1614 he was made under-treasurer and chancellor of the exchequer, and admitted into the privy-council; and was also, then or afterwards, a gentleman of the bed-chamber. His services or interest raised him, in 1620, to the peerage, by the style of lord Brooke of Beauchamp's-court. He was continued in the privycouncil by Charles I., but of his political character or actions we have little information. He had long distinguished himself as a patron of letters; and in 1627 he testified his gratitude to his alma mater, by founding at Cambridge a history-lecture, with a handsome salary to the professor. His long and prosperous life was terminated in a tragical manner, in 1628. One of his domestics, named Ralph Haywood, who had faithfully served him many years, finding himself likely to be frustrated of his expected reward, entered into a warm expostulation on the subject, when alone with him in his chamber. Lord Brooke returned a severe reprimand to this liberty, which threw the servant into such a paroxysm of rage, that he gave his master a mortal stab in the back, and then, locking himself up in his room, put an end to his own life with the same weapon. His lordship was interred at Warwick, and upon his tomb the following epitaph was placed, by his own direction: Fulke Greville, servant to queen Elizabeth, counsellor to king James, and friend to sir Philip Sidney. He passed his life in celibacy, but had all the old courtier's gallantry towards the fair sex.

Though Greville was known to be a writer in prose and verse during his life-time, yet few of his compositions were made public till after his death. In 1632 the following poetical works appeared under his name: "A Treatise of Human Learning," one hundred and fifty stanzas, of six lines each: " An Inquisition upon Fame and Honour," eighty-six stanzas: "A Treatise of Wars," sixty-eight stanzas: "The

VOL. IV.

Tragedy of Alaham :" "The Tragedy of Mustapha :" Celiaca;" containing one hundred and nine sonnets, mostly on the topic of love. To these may be added his poetical remains, consisting of "A Treatise of Monarchy," and " A Treatise of Religion.” From the titles of these pieces the reader would expect not much of the fancy and amenity which constitute the proper character of poetry; and, in fact, they bear the grave and sententious stamp of the age, with a mysterious depth in the thoughts which often involves them in great obscurity. There are, however, passages in which he breaks out with uncommon splendour; and his versification, which is in general very negligent, sometimes becomes extremey harmonious. His tragedies are formed upon the ancient model, and are rather fitted for the closet than the stage. On the whole, it is probable that no modern student of English poetry has had the patience to peruse these works, however they may have been praised during the prevalence of a different taste. Of his prose writings, the most interesting is the Life of the great object of his admiration, sir Philip Sidney. This, however, is by no means a model of biography, since it wants plainness and precision in the narration, and has not a third part devoted to its proper subject, the rest being expended upon preliminary discourses. His style in all his works is affected and involv ed, full of metaphor and digression, yet displaying a full mind and a large acquaintance with various learning. Bieg. Britan.-A.

GREW, NEHEMIAH, a physician, eminent for his writings on the anatomy and physiology of vegetables, was born at Coventry, in which city his father, Obadiah Grew, D.D. was vicar of St. Michael's church. He was brought up in the presbyterian sect, his father having taken the covenant; and upon the change of things at the Restoration he was sent to study in a foreign university, where he took the degree of doctor of physic. He settled first at Coventry, but in 1672 he removed to the metropolis. Having made himself already known as an ingenious enquirer into nature, he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society in 1672, on the recommendation of bishop Wilkins. That body, in 1677, appointed him their secretary, in which capacity he published the Philosophical Transac tons from Jan. 1677-8 to Feb. 1678-9. The col lege of physicians admitted him an honorary fellow in 1680. He obtained considerable practice, and was much esteemed, as well for his piety as his philosophical knowledge. He died in 1711. Dr. Grew's first publication

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was entitled "The Anatomy of Vegetables begun," 1671, 12mo. It was followed by "An Idea of a Phytological History of Roots," 1673; and "The Anatomy of Trunks," 1675. These separate pieces constituted the three first books of his great work, "The Anatomy of Plants, with an Idea of a Philo sophical History of Plants;" 1682, folio, with many plates. This is a truly excellent performance, replete with curious observations concerning the intimate structure of vegetables and their parts, in the examination of which he diligently employed microscopes and other helps. There are few things yet ascertained upon this subject with which he was not acquainted. In particular, he had a notion of the efficacy of the dust of the stamina in impregnating the ova or rudiments of the seed. This idea is commonly ascribed to sir Thomas Millington; but Dr. Grew, speaking of a discourse with that person, in which Millington told him that he conceived that the attire served as the male for the generation of the seed, subjoins, "I immediately replied, that I was of the same opinion; gave him some reasons for it, and answered some objections that might oppose them." This was, however, at present only an hypothesis, and Grew seems rather to have regarded the stamina as excretory vessels. There is some theoretical matter in this book, particularly relative to colour and taste in plants, which he derives from salts of different figures. He also wrote " A Catalogue and Description of the Natural and Artificial Rarities belonging to the Royal Society; to which is added, the Comparative Anatomy of Stomachs and Guts begun," 1681, folio. This last, which was the substance of papers read before the Royal Society, contains much valuable description of the primæ viæ, as existing in a great number of animals. A Latin treatise on Epsom and other purging salts, 1695, and some papers in the Philosophical Transactions, complete his properly professional works. He concluded his labours with a book designed to serve the cause of religion, entitled "Cosmographia Sacra, or a Discourse of the Universe, as it is the Creature and Kingdom of God," 1701, folio. In this he not only supports the doctrines of theism, but argues in favour of the Jewish and Christian revelations. He maintains the existence of "a vital substance in nature, distinct from a body," which, as well as Cudworth's plastic form, has been charged by Bayle as the admission of an unconscious principle of action, similar to that of the atheists; but Le Clerc endeavours to free them from this

consequence. Biog. Britan. Halleri Bibl. Botan. and Anatom. Pulteney's Sketches of Botany in England.-A.

GREY, lady JANE, the innocent and amiable victim of another's unprincipled ambition, was the daughter of Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, by Frances Brandon, daughter of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and Mary, queen dowager of France, and sister of Henry VIII. Her birth is placed, though without direct authority, in 1537. From her early years she exhibited a quickness of parts that has rendered her one of the prodigies of her sex and age. Besides the accomplishments of needle-work, fair handwriting, and music, she possessed such a knowledge of the learned languages as would be surprising in the most promising scholar of the other sex. The learned Ascham has recorded, that on paying her a visit in her fourteenth year at her father's seat in Leicestershire, he found her reading the Phædon of Plato while the rest of the family were hunting. She was then under the tuition of Mr. Aylmer (afterwards bishop of London), to whose kind and gentle treatment, which was a contrast to the severity of her parents, she attributed the delight she took in study. She was able at this time even to write Greek with facility and eloquence, and she is said also to have acquired not only the French and Italian languages, but the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Arabic. If abatements are made for panegyrical exaggeration, enough will remain to place her among the most extraordinary of early geniuses. solidity of judgment was equal to her readiness of apprehension, and she discoursed upon the most important topics with excellent sense. With all these endowments of the understanding, she possessed the modesty and gentleness proper to her sex. She imbibed from her tutor the principles of the Reformation, to which she always remained warmly attached.

Her

It will be seen in the accounts of Edward VI. and Dudley duke of Northumberland, in what manner the latter pursued the career of his ambition. When the young king's declining health alarmed him with the prospect of an approaching change, he meditated the securing of his authority by a project no less daring than criminal. Trusting in Edward's zeal for the protestant religion, he ventured to propose to him the unfraternal and arbitrary act of setting aside both his sisters from the succession, and bequeathing his crown to lady Jane Grey, though her mother, in whom the right belonging to that branch resided, was then living. He had previously procured a