ness and solidity of argumentation, on her part; and her constancy remained unshaken. On the evening before her death she wrote to her sister, lady Catharine Grey, a letter, said to have been in the Greek language, which she sent to her with the present of a Greek testament. The alleged substance of the letter in English is given in the Biog. Britan. but from its length it may be doubted whether any scholar in Europe could have composed it in Greek within that time. Another account, in deed, more probably, says it was written in Latin. On the fatal morning, her husband, who was confined separately, having obtained permission from the officers, sent a tender re quest to take a last farewel of her. This, how ever, through the apprehension that their reso, lution might be shaken by such a meeting, she thought it best to decline; and she contented herself with giving him a parting token out of her window as he was led to execution. She saw undisturbed his remains brought back, and wrote on the occasion three sentences, in Greek, Latin, and English, in her table-book, which she presented as a memorial to the constable of the Tower. Her turn soon followed. With a composed countenance she proceeded to the scaffold, where she made an address to the bystanders, acknowledging her fault in not rejecting with sufficient steadiness the crown which was forced upon her, and expressing her willingness to expiate her crime by death. She assisted her woman in adjusting her dress, took leave of the attendants, and laying her head upon the block, received the fatal stroke, Feb. 12, 1554. History does not record a more heroic end than that of this young woman of seventeen. She was universally pitied, and even bigotry has treated her memory with respect. Biog. Britan. Hume's Hist. Engl.-A.

marriage, in May, 1553, between this lady and his own fourth son, lord Guilford Dudley, an amiable youth, who soon gained the heart of his young bride. The act altering the succession was speedily drawn up, and Edward died on July 6th of the same year. On July 10th lady Jane's father, now duke of Suffolk, accompanied by the duke of Northumberland, repaired to Durham-house, where the young couple resided, and paying homage on his knees to his astonished daughter, explained to her what had been done in her favour. She made many urgent and forcible objections to the design, and pleaded the preferable right of the two princesses, and her own thorough aversion to a public and splendid station; but at length, overcome by the authority of her parents, and especially by the entreaties of her beloved husband, she consented to become a pageant-queen. She was conveyed to the royal apartments in the Tower, and proclaimed in the city of London with all due solemnity; but with little acclamation on the part of the people. It is unnecessary here to repeat the events which subverted her mock-royalty of nine days. At the end of it, her father announced to her the necessity of returning to a private station. She received the intelligence with perfect serenity, and expressed herself much better pleased with the act of relinquishing, than she had been with that of assuming, the crown. Soon after, Northumberland suffered the just punishment of his treason. The duke of Suffolk was imprisoned, but soon restored to his liberty. Lady Jane and her husband were arraigned, and sentence of death was pronounced upon them. They were committed to custody, but treated with indulgence; and hopes were entertained that justice would be satisfied without the sacrifice of a victim so involuntarily criminal. This might probably have taken place, had it not been for the ill-advised insurrection of sir Thomas Wyat and others, which was very imprudently and ungratefully joined by the duke of Suffolk and his brothers. After its suppression, it was resolved in Mary's council, that, for the future security of the crown, lady Jane and her husband should be put to death. She received the notification of this purpose with her accustomed mildness and tranquillity, and prepared herself for the catastrophe. Mary's religious zeal induced her to send divines for the conversion of Jane to the catholic faith; and the time first fixed upon for the execution was prolonged three days, in order to aid their efforts. But they were encountered with equal zeal, and with readi

GREY, RICHARD, an ingenious and learned divine of the church of England, who flourished in the eighteenth century, was born in the year 1693. We have not met with any account of the place of his birth, or of his early education; but find that, after he had gone through the preparatory grammar learning, he was entered of Lincoln college, in the university of Oxford, where he took his degree of M.A. in the year 1718-19. The first preferment which he obtained was the rectory of Kilncote, in Leicestershire, to which he appears to have been instituted at an early period in life; and afterwards he was appointed to the rectory of Hinton, in Northamptonshire, and to a prebend in the cathedral church of St. Paul. In the year 1730 he published his Memoria

Technica, or a new Method of artificial Memory, applied to, and exemplified in, Chronology, History, Geography, Astronomy; also Jewish, Grecian, and Roman Coins, Weights, and Measures, &c. with Tables proper to the respective Sciences, and memorial Lines adapted to each Table," 8vo. ; of which a fourth edition appeared in the year 1756. His method consists in expressing numbers by artificial words, and in making such a change in the ending of the name of a place, person, planet, coin, &c. without altering the beginning of it, as shall readily suggest the thing sought, at the same time that the beginning of the word, being preserved, shall be a leading or prompting syllable to the ending of it so changed. It reflects great credit on the author's ingenuity, and may certainly be rendered of use in history and chronology. In the same year he published "A System of English Ecclesiastical Law, extracted from the Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani of the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of London, for the Use of young Students in the Universities who are designed for Holy Orders," 8vo. For this work the university presented him with the degree of doctor of divinity by diploma, during the following year. It was afterwards reprinted at different periods, with the addition of marginal references to the pages in the Codex. In the year 1736 he published a large anonymous pamphlet, entitled "The miserable and distracted State of Religion in England, upon the Downfall of the Church established" and in the year 1738, "A New and Easy Method of learning Hebrew without Points. To which is annexed, by Way of Praxis, the Book of Proverbs, divided according to the Metre; with the massoretical Readings in Roman Letters, &c. a grammatical Analysis, and short Notes critical and explanatory, &c." 8vo. In the following year he published, on a large single sheet, "Tabula exhibens Paradigmata Verborum Hebraicorum regularium & irregularium, peromnes Conjugationes, Modos, Tempora, & Personas, plenius & accuratius excusa" and also "Historia Josephi Patriarchæ, Literis tam Romanis. quam Hebraicis excusa, cum Versione Interlineari S. Pagnini, & vocum Indice Analytico; præmittitur nova Methodus Hebraicè Discendi, diligentius recognita, &c." 8vo. These pieces were again reprinted in 1751. In the year 1742, Dr. Grey published "Liber Jobi in Versiculos Metrice divisus, cum Versione Latina Alberti Schultens, Notisque ex ejus Commentario excerptis, &c. Edidit, atque Annotationes suas ad Metrum Præcipue Spectantes, adjecit R. G. &c. Accedit Canticum Moysis, Deut. XXXII, cum

Notis variorum," 8vo. In the preface to this work some strictures were introduced on particular passages in Warburton's "Divine Legation ;", to which that gentleman replied in his "Remarks on several occasional Reflections, &c." This reply called forth from Dr. Grey, in the year 1744, " An Answer to Mr. Warburton's Remarks on several occasional Reflections,' so far as they concern the,Preface to a late Edition of the Book of Job; in which the Subject and Design of that divine Poem are set in a full and clear Light, and some particular Passages in it occasionally explained," &c. 8vo. In the year 1746 we find Dr. Grey occupying the post of official and commissary of the archdeaconry of Leicester. In 1749 he published "The last Words or David, divided according to the Metre, with Notes critical and explantory," 4to. His last publication, excepting new editions of some of his former pieces, was an English translation of Mr. Hawkins Browne's poem " De Animæ Immortalitate," which appeared in 1753. Besides the articles enumerated above, Dr. Grey printed some single "Sermons," preached on public occasions. He died in 1771, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. Nichols's Anec. of Bower.-M.

GRIBALDI, MATTHEW, surnamed Mosa, a learned jurist, was born at Chieri in Piedmont. He opened a school of law at Padua in 1548, where he taught with great applause to a large number of auditors. But having imbibed the principles of the reformers, he was obliged, in 1553, to withdraw secretly from that city. He wandered about for some time, and in 1555 was introduced to Calvin in Geneva; but as he had incurred suspicion of being addicted to the opinions of the Unitarians, that reformer refused to give him the hand of fellowship till he had cleared himself in that particular. Gribaldi refused to give him this satisfaction, wherefore he was ordered to depart from the city; and the recent fate of Servetus was a sufficient admonition for him not to delay. Calvin, according to Beza, predicted to him the calamities which were about to pursue him; a prediction which he might safely make, since they were the result of that intolerance which he himself had excited. Gribaldi was received at Tubingen through the means of Vergerius, and for some time occupied the chair of law in that university, till impending persecution obliged him to quit it. He then repaired to Bern, in the neighbourhood of which he purchased an estate, with the intention of spending his days there. But being cited before the magistrates to answer for the heresies imputed to him, he was obliged

rcpublic of Venice. He was a patron and correspondent of Erasmus, and translated from Greek into Latin some homilies of Chrysostom. He died in 1523. Moreri. Tiraboschi. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

to retract, in order to gain his liberty. The sincerity of this retractation was doubted, since he afforded a retreat in his house to the persecuted Gentilis; and he would again have been molested, had he not been carried off by the plague in 1564. Gribaldi was accounted very eminent in his profession, and a friend of justice and equity. He wrote commentaries on the pandects and other parts of the civil law. With respect to his religious opinions, he is represented as supposing the divine nature divided into three eternal spirits, distinguished from each other, not only by number, but also by subordination. Bayle. Tiraboschi. Mosheim.-A. GRIFFET, HENRY, an useful writer among the Jesuits, was born at Moulins in 1698. He became preacher to the king; and after the abolition of his order retired to Brussels, where he died in 1775. He published a new edition of "Father Daniel's History of France," seventeen volumes 4to., Paris, 1756: to this he subjoined learned and curious dissertations; and the Life of Lewis XIII., which occupies three of the volumes, is entirely his own: "A Treatise on the different Kinds of Proof employed in establishing Historical Facts," 1769, 12mo.; a solid and judicious performance: "Sermons, and other Works of Piety:" "Latin Poems :" an edition of "Avrigny's Memoirs of Profane History," five volumes 12mo., 1757, augmented and improved. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

GRIMALDI. See BOLOGNESE.. GRIMANI, DOMENICO, cardinal, son of Antony Grimani, procurator of St. Mark, and afterwards doge of Venice, was born at Venice in 1460. He was early employed by the republic, and in 1493 was raised to the purple by pope Alexander VI. He has merited commemoration by the piety he displayed towards his father, who, having been commander of a fleet, and defeated by the Turks, was imprisoned and treated with great rigour. The son offered to take his place, which being refused, he waited upon him in prison, and rendered him every possible service. Antony at length receiving sentence of banishment, retired to Rome, where his son paid him every attention capable of alleviating his affliction, till he was enabled to return to Venice. The cardinal was an eminent patron of letters and the fine arts. He collected a choice library, consisting of eight thousand volumes in all languages, which at his death he bequeathed to the canons regular of St. Sal vadore in Venice. He also made a fine collection of statues and other remains of antiquity, which, augmented by his nephew John, patriarch of Aquileia, was presented by both to the

GRINDAL, EDMUND, a learned and eminent English prelate in the sixteenth century, was born at Hensingham, a small village near Whitehaven, in the county of Cumberland, in the year 1519. He very early discovered a strong inclination for learning, and after he had . passed through the grammar school was sent to Magdalen college, in the university of Cambridge. From that institution he afterwards removed to Christ's college, and again to Pembroke-hall, where he was chosen fellow in 1538, at which time he had taken his degree of B.A. He commenced M.A. in 1541. In the year 1548 he was appointed senior proctor of the university; and during the following year, after having been admitted to the degree of bachelor in divinity, was chosen lady Margaret's preacher at Cambridge. In such high esti mation was he now held for his talents and learning, that when, in the year last mentioned, an extraordinary act was kept for the entertainment of king Edward's visitors, he was one of the four disputants selected out of the ablest scholars in the university, to debate the questions, "Whether transubstantiation could be proved by plain and manifest words of Scripture ?" and "Whether it might be collected and confirmed by the consent of fathers for a thousand years after Christ?" Grindal maintained the negative on both questions, and acquitted himself on the occasion with great honour and applause. His learning, piety, and virtue, recommended him to the acquaintance of Dr. Ridley, then bishop of London, and to that of the celebrated Martin Bucer, who entertained a great esteem for him. In the year 1550 bishop Ridley appointed him his chaplain; and in the following year collated him to the precentorship of St. Paul's cathedral. His next promotion was to the honourable appointment of chaplain to his majesty, which took place towards the close of the year last mentioned; and in 1552 he obtained a stall in Westminster-abbey. About the same time a design was entertained of appointing him to a bishopric in the North; which, owing to the rapacious intrigues of a powerful courtier, did not take effect. Upon the death of king Edward, in 1553, Mr. Grindal retired into Germany, to avoid the persecution under queen. Mary, and settled at Strasburg, where he applied with great diligence to the study of the German language, in order to qualify himself

to preach in the churches of that country. He also spent some time at Frankfort, where he took the side of Dr. Cox and his party in the disputes relative to the mode of church government, and king Edward's service book. While he continued in Germany he was very industrious in collecting authentic accounts of the lives and writings of the sufferers in England for the protestant religion, which he presented to Mr. John Fox, who inserted them in his "Acts and Monuments," chiefly as they were drawn up and methodised by Mr. Grindal. Upon the death of queen Mary, in 1558, he returned to England, and was employed, among others, in preparing the new Liturgy which was to be presented to the queen's first parliament. He was also one of the eight protestant divines chosen to hold a public disputation against the popish prelates, in the year 1559. He was frequently appointed to preach before the queen and privy-council, on public occasions; and was likewise nominated one of her majesty's commissioners for the royal visitation in the North, to require the oath of supremacy, to inspect cathedrals and the manners of the clergy, to destroy the instruments of superstition and idolatry, &c. Under this visitation the universities were comprehended; and at Cambridge Dr. Young was removed from the mastership of Pembroke-hall for refusing the oath of supremacy, and Mr. Grindal chosen in his room, in the year last mentioned. At first he declined accepting of this preferment; but the college, considering him to be designed for the highest honours of the church, and at the same time justly appreciating his superior merits, were very desirous of securing him for their patron, and so urgent with him to accept of their offer, that at length he yielded to their solicitations.

In the same year Mr. Grindal was nominated to the bishopric of London, in the room of Bonner, who was deprived; but he did not absolutely accept of it for some months, as he entertained scruples of conscience with respect to impropriations, and the habits and ceremonies required to be used by such as were bishops. Having consulted his friend Peter Martyr, professor of divinity at Zurich, upon these points, that eminent man, while he disapproved of the habits and ceremonies equally with Grindal, advised him not to refuse the bishopric on account of them, but to submit from a regard to the present unsettled state of the church, which would be essentially injured if he and his brethren who entertained similar scruples were to be prohibited from preaching; and also in the

hope that if such men as himself were placed in the principal ecclesiastical stations, many, if not all things complained of, might gradually be redressed. Being thus persuaded, he at length conformed, and was consecrated before the end of the year. In 1560 our new-made prelate was appointed one of the queen's ecclesiastical commissioners, and, in conjunction with the archbishop of Canterbury, reformed the calendar, and ordered that the ten commandments in English should be set up upon the east wall of every church throughout the kingdom. In the same year he joined the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop of Ely, in writing a private letter to the queen, to persuade her to marry. His primary visitation of his diocese he held in the following year; and in 1563 he was employed, together with the archbishop of Canterbury and some civilians, in preparing, for the first time, a book of fixed statutes for Christ-church college, Oxford. About the same time he rendered considerable service to the English merchants settled at Antwerp, and other places in the Spanish dominions; who, exasperated at the repeated exactions and ill usage practised on them by the Spaniards, were desirous of removing from their territories to some commodious place on the continent, where they might enjoy freedom both of religion and of trade. These merchants had shewn much kindness to the exiles from England during the reign of queen Mary; which circumstance led bishop Grindal, out of a principle of gratitude, cheerfully to espouse their cause. By means of his interest with the queen, and his able management with the agent of the earl and countess of East-Frizeland, he procured a licence for their establishment at Embden, where they were soon settled to their satisfaction. About the same time also bishop Grindal, at the request of secretary Cecil, wrote animadversions upon a treatise entitled "Christiani Hominis Norma." This work was the production of Justus Velsius, a learned Dutchman, but very enthusiastical, who endeavoured to propagate some of his strange and visionary notions in London, where he had resided for some time. He sent his treatise to the queen, accompanied with a letter, in which he denounced judgments against her and her kingdom, if she and her subjects did not receive his doctrine; upon which he was cited before the ecclesiastical commissioners, who ordered him, in the queen's name, to quit the kingdom. In the year 1564 our prelate was admitted to the degree of doctor of divinity by the university of Cambridge, who deputed Miles Coverdale to administer to him

the usual oaths on that occasion, at his palace in London; and in the same year he received orders from the queen and archbishop Parker to prosecute vigorously all those who did not comply with the act of uniformity. Accordingly, he did proceed against the puritans, but with great mildness and gentleness; because he himself had formerly entertained the same scruples by which they were influenced. Park er, therefore, complained against him to the queen, who sent him a special letter, commanding him to be diligent in punishing all recusants; but even this mandate had not the effect of urging him to proceed to those extremities, by which the queen and the zealous archbishop were for compelling the puritans to submission. He rather chose to try the effect of persuasion; and when this failed, it was with great reluctance that he put in force against them any of the harsh and persecuting measures which the directions of the council and the provisions of the act of uniformity enjoined. In the month of November of this year bishop Grindal preached a sermon in St. Paul's cathedral, in honour of the emperor Ferdinand, lately deceased, which was afterwards printed.

About this time many of the puritan ministers who were deprived for nonconformity were accustomed to assemble with such of the laity as were of similar sentiments, in private houses, and other secret places, where they celebrated divine worship without those habits and ceremonies which gave them offence in the church established by law. The queen, having had information conveyed to her of their proceedings, was greatly displeased that any of her subjects should presume to worship God in a manner not approved of by her, and unsanctioned by parliament. She, therefore, sent orders to her ecclesiastical commissioners, to take effectual measures to keep the laity to their parishchurches, and to let them know, that if they frequented any separate conventicles, or transgressed the laws of the church, they should for the first offence be deprived of their freedom of the city of London, and afterwards suffer such further punishment as she should direct. But, notwithstanding this threatening message, which was founded upon an illegal stretch of the prerogative, there being no law as yet in existence to disfranchise any man for not coming to church, the puritans continued their meetings, and on the 19th of June, 1567, about an hundred of them assembled for worship and the administration of the sacrament at Plumber's-hall, which they had hired under the pretence of keeping a wedding there. But their meeting

was broken up by the sheriffs of London, who took many of the persons present into custody, and sent them to the Compter. On the next day seven or eight of the principal among them were examined before the lord-mayor, the bishop of London, and others of the queen's commissioners, who were charged by bishop Grindal with absenting themselves from their parish churches, and setting up separate assemblies for prayer and preaching, &c. They defended their conduct with great zeal and resolution, and, remaining unconvinced by the bishop's endeavours to persuade them that their separation from the church was unjustifiable, were committed prisoners to Bridewell, with the others who were in custody, to the number of thirtyone in all. After they had remained in confinement above a year, without making any submission, or shrinking in the least from their principles, an order of council was issued for their release, in consequence of the humane interference of bishop Grindal on their behalf. This imprisonment of the puritans has been attempted to be vindicated by some protestant writers; but the arguments in support of it would justify persecution in its most odious forms, and cannot be maintained upon true protestant principles. Supposing them admissible, they would serve to apologise for the most iniquitous oppressions and cruelties of popery itself. In the year 1568, bishop Grindal set on foot a contribution for the relief of the persecuted Protestants abroad, by way of benevolence, or collection from his clergy, which occasioned his being threatened by some of them, who were disaffected to this cause, with a premunire, for laying a charge upon his clergy without authority from the queen. Their threatenings, however, did not prevent him from proceeding with his humane and pious undertaking. In the year 1570, bishop Grindal was translated to the archbishopric of York, which promotion he owed chiefly to the patronage and interest of secretary Cecil. It is said that archbishop Parker, when consulted about this promotion, signified "that he liked well of Grindal's removal: for he reckoned him not resolute and severe enough for the government of London, since many of the ministers and people thereof (notwithstanding all his pains) still leaned much to their former prejudices against the ecclesiastical constitution." Soon after his translation our new archbishop went down into Yorkshire, where he found the charge which he had undertaken peculiarly laborious, from the remains of superstition which were prevalent in that country, the gross ignor