less attempts to reconcile the Protestants to the catholic church, and in measures to secure the succession to his son Maximilian, in which he was successful. He preserved the public peace of the empire, made a truce of eight years with the Turks, and terminated a dispute between the kings of Denmark and Sweden. He died at Vienna in 1564, leaving the character of a prudent and politic prince, inclined to moderation and equity; though it appears that he was not scrupulous in those means of aggrandising his authority which too readily adapt themselves to the morality of princes. By his wife, the princess of Hungary, he had four sons and eleven daughters. His will, by which he appointed his daughters and their descendants to succeed to the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary in default of the male line, proved long after his death the cause of a war, in consequence of the claims of the electoral house of Bavaria. Mod. Univers. Hist. Robertson's Charles V. Moreri.-A.

FERDINAND II., emperor, grandson of the preceding, was son of Charles archduke of Styria, by Mary of Bavaria, and was born in 1578. He was elected king of Bohemia on the recommendation of his cousin, the emperor Matthias, in 1617, and king of Hungary in 1618; but the religious differences in Bohemia having broke out into open revolt, Ferdinand was deprived of the kingdom soon after the death of Matthias in 1619. He had, however, influence enough to procure the succession to the empire upon that vacancy. The states of Bohemia Proceeded to the election of another king, and chose Frederick, the elector Palatine; while at the same time Bethlem Gabor reduced the greater part of Hungary, and advanced towards Vienna. The emperor found it necessary to make a treaty with Gabor, and he formed a catholic league, in order to oppose that of the Protestants who supported the elector Palatine. That unfortunate prince was completely defeated at the battle of Prague in 1620, in consequence of which Bohemia was obliged to submit to its former master. Many of the leaders of the revolt were punished with death, and the exercise of the protestant religion was entirely suppressed. Ferdinand carried so far his resentment against the elector, as to put him to the bar of the empire, and to invade the palatinate, which by means of his general, count Tilly, he entirely conquered, and then transferred the electoral dignity to Maximilian, duke of Bavaria. He was now become so formidable to the protestant party, that a league was formed against him in the north of Ger

many, headed by Christiern IV. king of Denmark. That king was however defeated by Tilly in 1626, and obliged to take refuge in Holstein; and after the war had continued for some time longer, he was reduced to make a disadvantageous peace, which left the imperial party triumphant. Ferdinand next interfered in the affairs of Italy, where the death of Vincent, duke of Mantua and Montserrat, had left a disputed succession. The Austrian troop invaded Mantua and took the capital, whil their allies, the Spaniards, took Cazal, which was defended by the French. In the confidence inspired by these successes, the emperor, giving way to his religious zeal, published an edict for the restitution of all ecclesiastical benefices in Germany which had been seized by the Protestants. This occasioned a great alarm among all the adherents to the Augsburg confession, who began to look out for another foreign potentate to support their cause. Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, who had already displayed the qualities of a great prince, and was the professed enemy of the house of Austria, was the person to whom they applied. A league was secretly formed, to which the king of France acceded; and, before the emperor suspected his danger, a war broke out, which in the end reduced the House of Austria to the greatest extremities. Its events will be more properly related in the lives of those who were actively engaged in them. It suffices here to relate, that Gustavus, advancing at the head of his Swedes and German allies, defeated Tilly at the battle of Leipsic in 1631, forced the passage of the Lech, at which action Tilly was mortally wounded, and gained the battle of Lutzen, in 1632, where he was himself slain in the arms. of victory. The potent Walstein, whom the emperor, after displacing from the command, had been obliged to recal, continued the war with various success. This leader, whose ambition was boundless, and whose pride spurned submission to a superior, at length caused his fidelity to be suspected; and as he was too powerful to be openly called to account, a conspiracy was formed against him among his own officers, and he fell by treachery. The emperor had the satisfaction of gaining a victory over the Swedes at Nordlingen, in 1634, by means of his son, the king of Hungary and Bohemia. In the ensuing year he made a sepa rate peace at Prague with the elector of Saxony and most of the Protestants. On the other hand, France entered into the war as a principal, and maintained an army under the duke of Saxe-Weimar. At a diet held at Ratisbon

in 1636, the emperor procured his son Ferdinand to be elected king of the Romans, and in February, 1637, he died in his fifty-ninth year, after an anxious and unquiet reign of eighteen years, attended with much calamity to the empire, and danger to his own authority. He was twice married, first to a daughter of the duke of Bavavaria; secondly to a daughter of the duke of Mantua. By the first wife he left two sons and two daughters. His personal character is highly extolled by the Roman-catholic writers, from whom he has obtained the title of the Apostelic; indeed religious zeal and devotion appear to have been its principal features. His abilities were mean, and all his successes were owing to his generals, some of whom were ill requited. Mod. Univers. Hist. Moreri.-A.

FERDINAND III., emperor, surnamed ERNEST, son of the preceding, was born in 1608, was made king of Hungary in 1625, and of Bohemia in 1627, and succeeded his father in the empire in 1637. The war continued to rage in Germany, and the duke of Weimar, and the Swedish general Bannier, obtained various successes over the Imperialists. The latter even cannonaded Ratisbon while the emperor was holding a diet in that city. After his death, Torstenson commanded the Swedish army with equal success, and the French, who continued their alliance with the Swedes, gained several advantages under the duke d'Enguien (afterwards the great Condé) and Turenne. Various attempts were made to negociate; and at length, in 1648, the peace of Munster was concluded, which has since served as the political basis of the Germanic constitution. By this treaty the king of Sweden acquired the best part of Pome rania, with the dignity of prince of the empire; the king of France became landgrave of Alsace; and the lutheran and calvinistic religions were placed upon an equal footing of authority with the Roman-catholic. An eighth electorate was created for Charles Lewis, count Palatine of the Rhine, to whose house the lower Palatinate was restored. A variety of other conditions were agreed upon relative to the states and princes of Germany, which were received into the fundamental law of the empire. The papal court, according to its unvaried system, opposed that part of the treaty which allowed the religious claims of heretics, but its remonstrances were disregarded. Though the ravages of war immediately ceased, yet disputes between the protestant and catholic parties, carried on by writings and at diets, long continued. The emperor, however, had the satisfaction to procure the election of his eldest son

to the dignity of king of the Romans in 1652, but that prince's death not long after left the succession undetermined. Ferdinand himself died at Vienna in 1657, at the age of fortynine. He was accounted a mild, humane, and generous prince, much attached to religion, a friend to letters, and liberal to those who served him, though not always judicious in the distribution of his favours. He married three wives, by all of whom he had children. His successor Leopold was by the first, a daughter of Philip III. king of Spain. Mod. Univers. Hist. Moreri.-A.

FERDINAND I., king of Castile and Leon, and the first in whom those crowns were united, was the son of Sanchez III., king of Navarre, and of Nugna, heiress of Castile." He was crowned king of Castile during his father's life-time, in right of his mother. He married Sancha, daughter of Alphonso V., king of Leon; whose brother Weremond or Bermudo, when come to the throne, engaged in a war with Ferdinand, and invaded Castile. A battle ensuing, Bermudo was slain in 1037; after which event Ferdinand proceeded to Leon, where, in right of his wife, he was acknowledged king of that country. Thus having united in his person Leon and its dependencies, the Asturias and Gallicia, with Castile, he became the most potent monarch in Spain. The kingdom of Navarre was possessed by his brother Garcias. Ferdinand conducted himself with great prudence and moderation towards his various subjects, and obtained their unanimous attachment. He then made war upon the neighbouring Moors, and pushed his conquests into Portugal as far as Coimbra, of which he became master in 1045. He next attacked the Moorish king of Toledo, whom he rendered tributary; and the king of Saragossa prevented hostilities by a like submission. His brother Garcias falling into a dangerous illness, Ferdinand paid him a visit; but discovering, as it is said, a design to seize his person, he returned in disgust. The next year Garcias visited him on a like occasion, when he detained him prisoner. Garcias found means to escape, and a war ensued between the two brothers, in which Ferdinand acted upon the defensive. Garcias invaded Castile, and a battle was fought, in which he lost his life. Ferdinand is asserted to have used great moderation after the victory, and to have abstained from injuring his nephew, the young king of Navarre; though some historians represent his conduct differently. The superstition of his queen, who desired to enrich a new church at

Leon with the bodies of two virgin martyrs interred at Seville, caused Ferdinand, without provocation, to make an incursion into the territories of the Moorish king of that place, whom he compelled to do him homage, and to comply with his religious requisition. Meantime his son don Sanchez, acting as an ally to the tributary Moorish king of Saragossa, who was attacked by Ramiro king of Arragon, defeated Ramiro in a great battle. The famous Rodrigo, surnamed the Cid, commanded under Sanchez on this occasion. Soon after, Ferdiand held an assembly of his states, in which he declared his intention of dividing his kingdoms among his three sons; a species of impolicy common at that period, and a fertile source of civil wars. Its immediate consequence was a revolt of the Moorish dependent kings of Toledo and Saragossa, who refused tribute, and attempted to shake off the yoke. Ferdinand marched against them with a powerful army, and ravaged their frontiers; but an indisposition obliged him to return to Leon, where he died in September, 1065, leaving a high character for civil and military talents, and for an unblemished private life. Mod. Univers. Hist. Moreri.-A.

FERDINAND III., king of Castile and Leon, called SAINT FERDINAND, son of Alphonso IX., king of Leon, and Berengara, infanta of Castile, was born in 1200. On the death of Henry king of Castile, in 1217, the right to the crown was recognised by the states to belong to Berengara, his sister, who resigned it to her son Ferdinand; but his father, the king of Leon, suddenly marched an army into Castile with a view of seizing the regency. The resistance he met with, however, induced him to retreat; and a renewal of his attempt the ensuing year had a similar termination. In 1219 the young king Ferdinand was married to Beatrix of Suabia, daughter of the emperor Philip. He was engaged during several successive years in campaigns against the Moorish princes his neighbours, from whom he took a number of fortresses. In 1230 the king of Leon died, and by his last will declared his two daughters coheiresses of his dominions. This disposition was near producing a civil war, since, while part of the states adhered to the infantas, the greater part declared in favour of Ferdinand. At length the differences were amicably compromised, and the infantas, in consideration of a large pension, resigned their rights to their brother Ferdinand, who thus accomplished the re-union of the kingdoms of Castile and Leon, which have never since been separated. Fer

dinand concluded a treaty with the king of Portugal, and continued to pursue his plan of humbling and reducing the Moors. His bro ther, don Alonzo, obtained a signal victory over the king of Seville. In 1236 Ferdinand made the important acquisition of the city of Cordova. Having lost his queen Beatrix, he married again Jane daughter of the count de Ponthieu. The kings of Murcia and Granada submitted to him and became his vassals; the latter not without a previous vigorous resistance to his arms. The city of Jaen, after a long siege, fell into his hands; and these successes stimulated him to an enterprise against the rich and powerful city of Seville. For this purpose he fitted out a fleet, by means of which he blockaded the place by water while he besieged it from the land. In 1248 he effected the reduction of this capital, and during the next year he gained possession of all the remaining Moorish towns and fortresses as far as the sea.

An invasion of Africa was the next object of his ambition and religious zeal. He made great preparations for the expedition, and his fleet gained an advantage over that of the Moors upon their coast; but he was disabled from putting his designs in execution by a dropsy, which carried him off in 1252. He died with all the demonstrations of profound piety and humility which are inculcated by the catholic religion, and was by his subjects im mediately regarded as a saint, though his formal canonisation at Rome did not take place till 1671, under pope Clement X. He left a numerous offspring, and was succeeded by his son Alphonso X., surnamed the Wise: (see his article). Mod. Univers. Hist.—A.

FERDINAND V., king of Arragon, Castile, and Leon, surnamed THE CATHOLIC, son of John II. king of Arragon, was born in 1452. He married in 1469 the infanta Isabella of Castile, sister of king Henry IV., at whose decease in 1474 he was declared king, and Isabella queen, of Castile and Leon. They had, however, to contend against the claims of the infanta Joanna, the reputed daughter of Henry, who was espoused to Alphonso IV. king of Portugal. A civil war ensued, in which Ferdinand defeated the Portuguese army at Toro; and a peace was afterwards concluded, which left him and his queen in quiet possession of their crown. His own father dying in 1479, he succeeded to the crown of Arragon; and thenceforth the kingdoms of Arragon, and those of Castile and Leon (which together comprehended all Spain, except Granada, which was still held by the Moors), became inseparably

united. The royal pair governed in great political union, and were very attentive to the order and regulation of the extensive dominions which were fallen to them. The introduction of the inquisition into Spain, chiefly for the purpose of taking cognizance of the frequent apostacies among the Jewish and Mahometan pretended converts, was probably considered by them as a measure equally conformable to the interests of policy and religion. It has produced its full effect in securing uniformity of faith and worship, but may justly be charged with having materially contributed to that comparative degradation of every kind which the Spanish nation has since undergone. The firmness with which they caused civil justice to be administered, without regard to rank or condition, was undeniably laudable. In 1481 those hostilities began with the Moors, which, after a war of ten years, ended in the reduction of their kingdom of Granada, and the recovery of all Spain to the christian dominion. In this war the queen Isabella engaged with all the ardour of religious zeal; and though Ferdinand concurred in her plans with perfect harmony, yet he seems to have acted in a secondary capacity. The expulsion of the Jews from Spain, which soon followed the surrender of Granada, was probably dictated by her bigotry. Isabella had also the chief share in fitting out Columbus for that expedition of discovery which bestowed a new world upon the crown of Spain (see his article): the cold suspicious character of Ferdinand was ill disposed to the encouragement of so daring an adventure. In 1492 Ferdinand, by means of that address in negociation for which he was so famous, obtained the cession of the counties of Rousillon and Cerdagne from Charles VIII. of France, who was impatient to commence his rash expedition for the conquest of Naples. This, however, did not prevent the catholic king from declaring against the French after they had entered Italy; and by means of Gonsales or Gonsalvo de Cordova, called the Great Captain, whom he sent into Naples, that kingdom was recovered from the possession of France. Meanwhile he was attentive to strengthen himself by foreign alliances; and in 1495 a double marriage took place between the infant don John and the archduchess Margaret, and the archduke Philip and the infanta Joanna. 'The infanta Catharine was also espoused to Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII. of England. The king of Portugal soon after married the infanta Isabella; but the satisfaction arising from these alliances was damped by the death of don John,

the only son of Ferdinand and Isabella, followed by that of the queen of Portugal. The conquered Moors were not long suffered to enjoy that toleration in religion for which they had stipulated. Their general conversion was undertaken, and, partly by force, partly by persuasion, in appearance effected: but insurrections soon shewed how far it was from being sincere; and in conclusion, Ferdinand, for a sum of money, gave permission to a great number of these unhappy people to retire to Barbary; a measure which, if it tended to preserve the internal peace of the country, certainly was injurious to its industry and popu lation. The decline of agriculture and manufactures in Spain is dated from that period. It appears to have been contrary to his inclination that in 1502 the archduke Philip, with his wife, at the desire of Isabella, visited Spain, and were solemnly acknowledged by the states of Castile as successors to the crown. Isabella, who was sixteen years older than her husband, was now in a declining state of health, and Ferdinand anticipated the loss of his authority in her dominions after her death. This event took place in 1504; and though by her will she appointed Ferdinand to the regency of Castile during the minority of their grandson Charles (afterwards emperor), which disposition was confirmed by the states, yet discontents soon arose, and Philip took measures to oblige him to resign in his favour. Ferdinand through resentment demanded in marriage that Joanna, the supposed daughter of Henry IV. of Castile, who had formerly been set aside in favour of Isabella; and meeting with a refusal, he espoused Germaine de Foix, niece of the French king Lewis XII. The disgust conceived by the Castilian nobles at these proceedings caused them to declare in favour of Philip and Joanna; and Ferdinand at length found it advisable to resign the regency, and retire to his own kingdom of Arragon. He had before, however, considerably enlarged his dominions by the acquisition of Naples; for having made a treaty with the king of France, by which he agreed with that monarch to share between them the country he pretended to defend, he afterwards employed the Great Captain to dispossess the French and secure the whole to himself. Philip enjoyed his power but a short time, dying in 1506; and his wife was so affected by her loss as to be utterly incapable of government. The regency was therefore again an object of contest, and the competitors were the emperor Maximillian and Ferdinand. The latter was then absent in Naples, where the

great power and ambition of the viceroy Gonsalvo gave him uneasiness. When he had settled the government of that country, he returned to Spain, where the celebrated Ximenes, archbishop of Toledo, had been preparing men's minds in his favour. He was restored to his authority in Castile, and conducted himself with so much wisdom and prudence that no opposition was thenceforth made to his administration, except such as proceeded from the turbulence of some of the nobility, which by his firmness he finally suppressed. In 1508 the city of Oran in Barbary, with its district, was annexed to the crown of Castile, through the patriotic exertions of Ximenes. Soon after, Ferdinand engaging the young king of England, Henry VIII., in a league against France, persuaded him to send an army for the recovery of Guienne; and by means of the diversion occasioned by that measure, he seized upon the kingdom of Navarre, and expelling its lawful sovereign, John d'Albert, annexed it irrevocably to the Spanish dominions. In the midst of his successes, however, jealousy of his grandson Charles preyed on his mind. He looked forwards to the time when that prince would deprive him of the regency of Castile; and the aversion he thereupon conceived against him made him desirous of breaking that mass of power which he had contributed to raise. His young wife had borne him a son, who died in infancy. Ardently desirous of another heir, he used means to give temporary vigour to his enfeebled constitution, which tended farther to exhaust it. He fell into a state of bodily languor, which did not relax his attention to public affairs, but sharpened his habitual jealousy of power. "Unwilling," says Robertson, "even at the approach of death, to admit a thought of relinquishing any portion of his authority; he removed continually from place to place, in order to fly from his distemper, or to forget it. Though his strength declined every day, none of his attendants durst mention his condition; nor would he admit his father-confessor, who thought such silence criminal, into his presence." At length the danger became too imminent to be concealed. He received the intimation with fortitude, and was persuaded by his counsellors to revoke by a new will the injustice he had done to Charles in bequeathing the regency of his kingdoms to his younger grandson Ferdinand. He died on a journey, at the village of Madrigalejo, January 23, 1516, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. He left his daughter Joanna heiress of all his do

minions, and after her, his grandson Charles. No prince of his time acquired so high a reputation for policy and the arts of government as Ferdinand the Catholic. At the same time no one was so notorious for profound dissimulation and disregard of the most sacred engagements. An Italian prince said of him, "Before I reckon upon his promises, I would have him swear by some god in whom he believes." Probably, however, he was not a disbeliever in his religion, but, like many others, found means to satisfy himself under the breach of its obligations. He made his perfidy a matter of boast; and once, when told by his embassadors that Lewis XII. complained of being twice overreached by him, "Twice!" said he; "the drunkard lies-I have cheated him more than ten times." He practised, however, many better arts of governing than these, and displayed towards his own subjects much moderation and equity, with the wisdom of an enlightened sovereign. He was beloved by the lower orders, whom he protected from the oppression of the nobles; and he, with Henry VII. of England, set the first examples of securing the public tranquillity, by curbing the turbulence and breaking the power of the feudal nobility. In temper he was cold, reserved, and unfeeling; not more severe than occasions demanded, but little susceptible of gratitude or attachment. He is justly looked upon as the founder of the Spanish greatness, but good-fortune concurred with policy in his aggrandisement. Mod. Univers. Hist. Robinson's Charles V.—A.

FERDINAND VI., king of Spain, son of Philip V. by his first wife Mary of Savoy, was born in 1713. He married in 1728 an infanta of Portugal, by whom he had no children. His constitution was always weak, which disposed him rather to a quiet and retired than an active life. He succeeded his father in 1746, at which time Spain, in union with France, was engaged in war with the empire, England, and their allies. On this occasion he displayed the humanity of his temper by various acts of clemency and beneficence; and at the same time continued to support that system of policy which was the basis of the family-compact of the house of Bourbon. He joined in the peace of Aix-la-chapelle in 1748, by which one of his brothers was seated on the throne of the two Sicilies, and the other acquired the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla. Being naturally of a pacific disposition, he gladly employed the return of tranquillity in promoting the internal prosperity of his country.

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