was munificently rewarded. He lived to tire out his friends and creditors, and died in a melancholy and forsaken condition at Bologna, in 1642, at the age of sixty-seven. This great painter read little, and wrote less, being ignorant even of orthography. His chief amusement was his harpsichord. He was decent in his manners, social and hospitable. He had a great number of disciples, sometimes two hundred at a time, to whose improvement he was attentive, but from whom he exacted profound submission. Few names in the art stand higher than his and his works, which are numerous in churches and palaces, and in private collections, bear a very high value. In grace and beauty they are surpassed by none; and they who, with these qualities, wish for more strength and expression, perhaps desire things incompatible, at least in a high degree. His style is grand, his draperies flow in large folds, his composition is rich, his colouring clear and pure. The celestial character so peculiarly impressed on his figures sufficiently attests his genius. He was acquainted with the arts of engraving and etching, and occasionally practised them. His own works have exercised the graver of many of the ablest masters. D'Argenville. Pilkington's Dict.-A. was a man of great learning, and was particularly conversant with singular and uncommon books. This turn made him rather a critic than an original writer; and though he had seen a great deal, his works contain scarcely any descriptions of plants from his own observation. His writings are: "De Stirpibus Aliquot Epistolæ," 1558, 4to. "Theon adversus Mattheolum," an angry controversy (to which he was too prone) with that eminent botanist: " De Papyro, i. e. Commentarius in tria Plinii de Papyro Capita," 1512, 4to.; this is a performance of great erudition, historical, classical, and medical, in which the author is so immersed, that he gives no description of the papyrus itself, though he saw it growing in Egypt. It contains digressions respecting other plants of the ancients, and a controversy with Mercurialis respecting Galen is annexed. After his death his "Synonyma Plantarum" was published by Schenckius, at Frankfort, 1608: it is a dictionary, in which the Greek names of plants are conciliated with the Latin, both ancient and modern. Moreri. Tiraboschi. Halleri Bibl. Botan.-A. GUILLEMEAU, JAMES, an eminent French surgeon of the sixteenth century, was a native of Orleans. He enjoyed a liberal education, GUILANDINUS, MELCHIOR, an eminent and was a pupil in his profession to the celebotanist, was a native of Konigsberg, in Prus- brated Ambrose Parey. He became surgeon in sia. He studied medicine in his youth, and at ordinary to the kings Charles IX. and Henry an early age left his country and went to Rome. IV., and was equally esteemed for his skill and After a residence there of some years, he visited his probity. He died at Paris in 1609. GuilSicily, where he was reduced to such indigence, lemeau was the author of several works which that he was obliged to gather herbs for a liveli- have placed him among the fathers of the imhood. The Venetian embassador at Rome, ac- proved French surgery. He translated elegantly quainted with his merit, withdrew him from into Latin the works of his master Parey, with this situation, and carried him to Venice. He some additions, published first in 1582, folio. there became known to the cavalier Marino Ca- His other works are: "Traité des Maladies de ballo, who sent him at his expence to travel for P'Oeil," 1585, 8vo., describing one hundred botanical purposes into the East. He visited and thirteen diseases of the eye, chiefly from Palestine, Egypt, Africa, and Greece, and the ancients: "Tables Anatomiques, avec les meant to have prolonged his travels, but had Pourtraits & Declaration d'Icelles," 1598, fothe misfortune of being taken by Barbary cor- lio; the plates are chiefly from Vesalius, the sairs near the coast of Sardinia, and carried into descriptions compiled from various authors: captivity. Even in this situation his ardour for "Chirurgie Françoise recueillé des anciens botany did not subside, but he continued to in- Medecins & Chirurgiens," 1594, folio; a comcrease his catalogue of plants. The celebrated plete treatise of surgery, with plates and instruFallopius, then director of the botanical garden ments, descriptions of operations, &c.: "De at Padua, paid his ransom, and he succeeded l'heureux Accouchement des Femmes," 1609, Anguillara in the lectureship of botany at that 8vo., the first complete work on difficult partuuniversity in 1561, and Fallopius in the direc- rition, after that of Ruffius. He wrote some tion of the garden, in 1564. He gave so much smaller pieces, one of which was against the absatisfaction in this post, that his salary was surd and indecent custom of the congress. All raised to six hundred florins. He died at Pa-, his works were printed collectively at Rouen, dua, in 1589, and out of gratitude bequeathed in 1649, in folio. Moreri. Halleri Bibl. Anahis library to the Venetian state. Guilandinus tom. & Chirurg.-A. VOL. IV. 4 GUILLET DE SAINT GEORGE, GEORGE, born in 1625, at Thiers, in Auvergne, was the first historiographer of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, to which office he was elected in 1682. He died at Paris in 1705. He made himself known by several works, especially by his " Athene Ancienne & Nouvelle," 1675, 12mo., and "Lacedemone Ancienne & Nouvelle," 1676. These he pretended to have taken from the papers of his younger brother, Guillet de la Guilletiere, who, he said, had visited those countries; but they are known to be of his own composition. It is not surprising that works originating in fiction should contain errors. His Athens" was warmly attacked by Spon, in his "Voyage de Grece ;" and a controversy ensued, in which Guillet at least displayed much erudition, with a polite and lively style of writing. His other works are, "A History of the Grand Viziers Coprogli, &c." 1676; "The Life of Mahomet II.," 1681; "The History of Castrucio Castracani," translated from the Italian of Machiavel; "Les Arts de l'Homme d'Epée, ou Dictionnaire du Gentilhomme," two volumes, 1670. Mo reri.-A. GUILLIAUD, CLAUDE, a learned French divine, who flourished towards the middle of the sixteenth century, was a native of Villa-Franca, in the Beaujolois. He pursued his studies at Paris, where he became a doctor of the faculty of the Sorbonne, and acquired much reputation by the lectures which he delivered on the sacred Scriptures. He was also promoted to a canonry and prebend in the cathedral church of Autun. His age and the time of his death are equally unknown. He was the author of "Commentaries on the Gospel of St. Matthew," 1550, folio; "Commentaries on the Gospel of St. John," 1562, folio; commentaries on the epistles of St. Paul, and on all the canonical epistles, under the title of " Collationes in Omnes D. Pauli Epistolas," &c. 1544, 8vo.; and "Homilies for Lent," 1560. Some catholic critics pass very high encomiums on the erudition and judgment which his commentaries display. According to Dupin, they consist only of the most literal explications of the fathers, and of other commentators; the author chiefly following the vulgate, but not without introducing some variations from the Greek, in which he has followed the version of Erasmus. In general he has adhered to the literal sense; but in such passages as he thought liable to be misunderstood, he has taken care to give a brief explanation of the scripture language, in conformity to the sense in which it is received by GUISCARD, ROBERT, first Norman duke of Apulia and Calabria, was the seventh son of Tancred of Hauteville, a gentleman of Lower Normandy. He was born in the earlier part of the eleventh century, and was distinguished amidst a family of warriors by his bodily strength and vigour, his martial port, and enterprising spirit. His elder brothers had passed into Italy to the Apulian camp of their countrymen, where by their merit they attained the dignity of chiafs. Robert, following their steps, crossed the Alps as a pilgrim, and raised a band of soldiers from the adventurers of Italy. He began with predatory exploits against the Greeks and natives of Calabria, and his success caused a number of Norman volunteers to flock to his standard. His elder brother Humphrey, the commander of the Normans in Apulia, whom he had aided by his arms, became jealous of him, and brought his life into danger in a quarrel. Dying soon after, Robert reduced his young sons to a private condition, and had influence to procure his own elevation to the dignity of count and general of the military republic. He proceeded in the conquest of Calabria, and in consequence of some excesses incurred papal excommunication; but the mutual interest of the Holy See and the Normans healed the breach, and Robert obtained from Nicholas II., in 1060, the investiture of Apulia and Calabria, and all the lands in Italy and Sicily which he could conquer from the Greeks or Saracens. Before, or immediately after, this act, Robert assumed the title of duke of Apulia, Calabria, and hereafter of Sicily. He employed great vigour and activity in reducing the maritime cities which held for the Greeks, and at length made himself master of almost the whole that constitutes the modern kingdom of Naples. His younger brother Roger meantime invaded and conquered the island of Sicily.. In 1081 Robert was induced by ambition to invade the Eastern empire. He affected to adopt the cause of an impostor whom he probably had himself raised, and who pretended to be the deposed emperor Michael. After great preparations, he sailed with a powerful armament, and laid siege to Durazzo. He underwent many losses from shipwreck and the enemy; and his son Bohemond, who commanded the naval force, was defeated by a Venetian fleet. While under these difficulties, the new emperor Alexius Commenus marched against him with an army greatly superior in numbers. Robert stood firm, and in October, 1081, gained the battle of Durazzo, the consequence of which was the surrender of the town. In this engagement, Robert's second wife, Gaita, daughter of the prince of Salerno, fought by his side. He afterwards advanced into the heart of Albania; but receiving information of revolts in Apulia, he returned in a single vessel, leaving his diminished army under the command of Bohemond (see his Life). The emperor Henry IV., who had marched towards Apulia, in order to make a diversion in favour of Alexius, afterwards turned his arms against pope Gregory VII., and after making himself master of Rome, invested the pontiff in the castle of St. Angelo. Robert, as a vassal of the Holy See, marched, in 1084, to his relief, and the emperor did not venture to wait his approach. Robert gained possession of the capitol, and liberated the pope; but the violences of his Saracen auxiliaries, and the conflagration of a large portion of the city, having rendered his party highly unpopular, Gregory did not venture to remain in Rome, but accompanied his deliverer back to Salerno, where he died.. Robert, in the close of the same year, made a second expedition into Greece. He landed his troops at Brundusium, and then proceeding in quest of the united fleet of the Greeks and Venetians, after two indecisive actions, gave them a total defeat in a third. In the ensuing spring he turned his arms against the maritime parts of Greece and the islands; but his career was stopt by an epidemic disease, which carried him off in the isle of Cephalonia, July, 1085, when in the sixtieth or seventieth year of his age (for the accounts vary). He was succeeded in Calabria by his second son, Roger; but that Norman branch was extinguished in the second generation. Robert Guiscard was a person of great civil and military talents, not only brave but politic; so that he derived his surname of Guiscard from a word signifying craft or prudence in the Norman dialect. His ambition was little tempered either with humanity or a sense of justice, and he pursued his aggrandisement with steady steps. He was affable and courteous to his companions in arms, plain in his dress and manners, frugal and rapacious in acquiring wealth, and liberal in bestowing it. He was an able and successful soldier of fortune, rather than a great prince. Mod. Univers. Hist. Gibbon.-A. GUISCHARD, CHARLES GOTTLIEB, called Quintus Icilius, a colonel in the Prussian, service, knight of the order of Merit, and member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin, was born in 17.2, at Magdeburg, where his father was syndic. After completing his school education, he studied at the universities of Halle, Marpurg, Herborn and Leyden, where he applied to theology, classical literature, and the oriental languages. By the interest of the hereditary stadtholder, William Charles Henry Friso, who esteemed him on account of his learning, he was appointed ensign in the regiment of Saxe-Hildburghausen, in the service of the United Provinces, and in 1751 was promoted to a company. Encouraged by the approbation of the stadtholder, who promised him his patronage, and by the praise bestowed on him by the French officers, he resolved to distinguish himself by some literary labour. Having been accustomed to make remarks on the books which he read, and afterwards to transcribe them, he found in Polybius and other ancient authors much more than Folard, who was unacquainted with the Greek and Latin languages, had been able to discover. He began, therefore, to prepare materials for his "Mémoires Militaires sur les Grecs & les Romaines ;" and in consequence of this undertaking obtained permission, in 1756, to visit England, where he remained a year, and brought the work to a conclusion. In the mean time the stadtholder died, and with a view of obtaining the favour of his successor William V., he dedicated to him his Memoirs, which were published in two volumes quarto. They were received with so much approbation, that they went through five editions in Holland and France. In 1757 he entered as a volunteer in the allied army, and acquired the good graces of prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, by whom he was recommended to Frederic II. of Prussia. About the end of the above year his majesty sent for him to Silesia, kept him near his person, and often conversed with him on the art of war as practised by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The great knowledge which Guischard displayed in regard to this subject, gave the king the idea of considering him as a Roman officer; and he gave him the name of Quintus Icilius, the commander of Caesar's tenth legion, when he appointed him to the command of a regiment formed out of the refuse of all nations, during the heat of the war. Guischard was present in the campaigns of 1759 and 1760, and performed his duty so much to the satisfaction of the king, that he gave him a free regiment of three battalions at Leipsic, and at the same time permission to raise seven more free battalions, which he did in an effectual manner, though attended with considerable difficulty. During the campaigns of 1761 and 1762, he served in the army of prince Henry, and continued till the end of the war to discharge, amidst great danger, the arduous tasks assigned to him. On the conclusion of peace the king retained him with him at Potsdam, and he was one of the few persons whom his majesty admitted into his convivial parties. Sometimes he resided also on his estate at Was-horse, but refused to send back the man to serupe, in the circle of Havellande, where he amused himself with his library and his collection of coins, which he increased so much that he valued both at the sum of one hundred thouBand dollars. He was naturally endowed with great firmness of mind, and this quality had been greatly exalted by his philosophical pursuits. His irregular course of life, together with the hardships he had been exposed to in war, brought on infirmities, which became so painful that he used to compare them to the torture, and which, at length, put an end to his existence. He died on the 13th of May, 1775, in the fifty-first year of his age. After his death his library was purchased by Frederic II. for the sum of twelve thousand dollars. It amounted to five thousand three hundred volumes, and besides excellent works on antiquities, philology, history, the art of war, geography, philosophy, and the fine arts, contained various manuscripts, and thirty large voJumes of maps and plans. His works are: "Mémoires Militaires sur les Grecs & les Romaines, pour servir de Suite & d'Eclaircissement à l'Histoire de Polybe, commentée par Folard;" the Hague, 1756, 4to.: "Mémoires Critiques & Historiques sur plusieurs Points d'Antiquités Militaires," Berlin, 1773, four volumes 8vo., and one quarto volume of plates. Busching, in his Wöchentlichen Nachricten, for the year 1774, speaking of this work says: "It will be of the greatest service, not only to officers, but to men of letters. It ought to be used in all schools, in order to give young persons a clearer idea of whatever occurs in the ancient authors, and particularly in Cæsar's Commentaries, respecting the art of war among the Romans." Hirsching's Manual of eminent Persons who died in the eighteenth Century.-J GUISE, FRANCIS DE LORRAINE, duke of, and of Aumale, a great commander and party leader, was the eldest son of Claude de Lorraine, duke of Guise. He was born at the castle of Bar, in 1519, and early distinguished himself in arms. He acquired great glory by his defence of Metz, in 1553, against the emperor Charles V., at the head of a powerful army. By his valour and prudence Charles was obliged to retreat after a siege of sixty-five days; and the duke treated with an humanity unusual at that time some of his soldiers, disabled by the cold from following him. It is worth observing, that during this siege, a Spanish officer having written to him to request the restitution. of one of his slaves who had fled into the city with a horse of value, the duke restored the slavery, alleging that it "would be a violation of the privileges of the kingdom, which consist in giving liberty to all who come thither to seek it." He was afterwards declared by Henry II. lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and entrusted with all the authority of the crown. He justified this confidence by the important capture of Calais in the winter of 1558, which town had from the time of Edward III. been in the hands of the English, and had served as an entrance into France in the wars between the two countries. At the accession of Francis II., whose wife, Mary queen of Scots, was niece to the Guises, the duke and his brother the cardinal were placed at the head of the government. The Calvinists were at this time headed by the prince of Condé and the Colignis, and being exasperated by many severities, engaged in the conspiracy of Amboise. Its defeat was chiefly owing to the vigilance and wise measures of the duke of Guise, who was declared lieutenantgeneral of the kingdom. Many executions followed, and during the remainder of that reign every thing in France bent before the family of Lorraine. It is supposed that they had laid a plot for the assassination of the king of Navarre in the presence of the king of France, which failed only through the irresolution of the latter. They procured the arrest of the prince of Condé on account of his share in a new conspiracy: he was found guilty, and would undoubtedly have been put to death, had not the decease of the young king, in 1560, saved him. After that event the influence of the Guises abated, and they formed only one of the three parties which were kept in balance by the art of the queen-mother, Catharine de Medicis. It was found necessary to grant liberty of public worship to the Calvinists, a measure particularly galling to the bigotry of the house of Guise. At this juncture, the duke passed with a great train through Vassi, in Champagne, at the time when a congregation of Protestants were performing divine service in a barn. The insolence of his followers in disturbing the service occasioned a tumult which gave a pretext for falling upon the unarmed multitude, of whom sixty were killed upon the spot, and two hundred wounded. Although the duke declared, even upon his death-bed, that the massacre was unintentional on his part, it appears certain that he came with a deliberate purpose of breaking up the religious assembly, which he knew to be highly odious to his mother, whose seat was not far distant; and that when the magistrate of the place excused himself for permitting the meeting upon the ground of the edict of toleration, Guise in a rage, clapping his hand upon his sword, exclaimed, "Here is what shall cut the knot of your detestable edict!" The massacre of Vassy was the signal of a civil war, which may be supposed not to have been disagreeable to the Guises, who hoped thereby to recover their superiority. The duke was a principal leader on the catholic side, as well as the principal object of the hatred of the Protestants. It is related by some writers, that at the siege of Rouen he was informed of the purpose of a fanatic of that party to assassinate him. He caused the man to be arrested, and asked him what offence he had given him to excite such an attempt. "No other," he replied, "than that of your being the inveterate enemy of my religion." "Well," said the duke, "if thy religion bids thee murder me, mine bids me forgive thee-judge between them!" A noble sentiment, but little suited either to the speaker or to his religion! The victory of Dreux, in 1562, is principally ascribed to Guise, though Montmorenci was the chief commander. The calvinist general, the prince of Condé, was taken prisoner; and, according to the manners of the age, he that night shared the bed of the duke of Guise. It is mentioned as a trait of heroism in the character of the latter, that though they were mortal enemies, he slept with perfect tranquillity, while the prince (who told the anecdote) could not close his eyes. Not long after, as he lay before Orleans, a calvinist gentleman, Poltrot de Méré, gave him a mortal wound with a pistol-shot. He died February 24, 1563, at the age of forty four. By his wife, Anne of Este, daughter to the duke of Ferrara, he left several children. Francis duke of Guise was possessed of many splendid qualities, and the writers of his party represent him as a model of true heroism. These qualities were, however, tarnished by immoderate ambition and a furious party-spirit, so that his great services to this country were balanced by the evils he brought upon it. Bayle. Millot Elem. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A. GUISE, HENRY OP LORRAINE, duke of, eldest son of the preceding, was born in 1550. He early displayed the family valour, and distinguished himself at the battle of Jarnac in 1569. A shot which he afterwards received in his cheek left a scar which gave him the surname of Balafré, a name also by some given to his father for a similar reason. He had a fine person, and a noble air; so that it was said of him, and of his brothers, that other princes, in the presence of those of Lorraine, looked like common people. He also possessed the qualities proper for acquiring popularity, whence he became the idol of the army and the populace. When, in the reign of Henry III., the Protestants had obtained a very advantageous treaty of pacification, the zeal of the Catholics gave rise to the holy league for the defence of the church and state, first projected by the cardinal of Lorraine, brother to the deceased duke Francis. The king was obliged to authorise this league, and place himself at its head; but he never possessed the confidence of the party, which soon involved the nation in a new civil war, and loosened all the bands of obedience to legal government. Guise directed all the movements of blind and furious bigotry, and aspired to nothing less than the supreme authority. He caused the revocation of every privilege granted to the Protestants, demanded the publication of the decrees of the council of Trent and the establishment of the inquisition, and required the cession of several cautionary towns. He had obtained great reputation as a commander by dissipating a body of German troops who were on their march to assist their brother Protestants. For this success he was hailed as the deliverer of the nation, and nothing could exceed the enthusiastic attachment which he inspired, particularly in the inhabitants of the capital. This was displayed in a striking manner on the day of the barricades; when Guise having appeared at Paris contrary to the command of the king, who caused the Swiss guards to enter for the support of the royal authority, the people raised barricades in all the streets leading to the Louvre, disarmed the guards, and obliged the king to consult his safety by flight. The insolence of the party was augmented by this proof of their strength; and though Henry consented to all their demands, his dethronement was openly planned. The duchess of Montpensier, sister to the Guises, carried at her girdle a pair of golden scissars, which she did not scruple to declare were designed to give the king the clerical tonsure previously to shutting him up in a convent. The duke was suspected of an intelligence with the duke of Savoy, who had invaded the marquisate of Saluces. At this juncture, September, 1588, the states-general of the kingdom were assembled at Blois. The demanda |