personal equation."-Mary Sinton Leitch, in Literary Review, July 3, 1925, p. 8.

(c) "The Cockney School of Poetry: Keats," by Lockhart (?). See Critical Essays of the Early Nineteenth Century.

(d) "To begin, then, with Shakespeare. He was the man who of all modern, and perhaps ancient poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul. All the images of nature were still present to him, and he drew them, not laboriously, but luckily; when he describes anything, you more than see it, you feel it too."-Dryden, An Essay of Dramatic Poesy.

(e) Criticisms on Paradise Lost, by Addison, The Spectator, Nos. 267, 273, 279, 285, 291, 297, 303, 309, 315, 321, 327, 333, 339, 345, 351, 357, 363, 369. See especially, "The Characters," in Critical Essays of the XVI-XVIII Centuries, pp. 286-291.

(f) "Of Kings' Treasuries," in Sesame and Lilies, by Ruskin.

(g) "The History of the People of Israel," by Anatole France. See On Life and Letters, Series II.

(h) Any five reviews or critical essays in periodicals or in the books listed in the References.

REFERENCES

THE HISTORY OF CRITICISM

Saintsbury, George, A History of Criticism, 3 vols., Blackwood, 1900-1904.

Spingarn, J. E., Literary Criticism in the Renaissance, second edition, revised and augmented, Columbia University Press, 1912.

Wylie, Laura J., Studies in the Evolution of English Criticism, Ginn and Co., 1894.

GENERAL THEORY

Aristotle, On the Art of Poetry, with a critical introduction, translation, and commentary, by Ingram Bywater, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1909.

Baldwin, C. S., Ancient Rhetoric and Poetic, Macmillan,

1924.

Medieval Rhetoric and Poetic, Macmillan,
1928.

Brandes, Georg, On Reading, Duffield, 1906.
Brownell, W. C., Standards, Scribner, 1917.

Buck, Gertrude, The Social Criticism of Literature, Yale
University Press, 1916.

Calverton, V. F., The Newer Spirit, Boni and Liveright, 1925. Sex Expression in Literature, Boni and Liveright, 1926.

Canby, H. S., Definitions, Harcourt, Brace and Co., [c 1922]. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Biographia Literaria (first published in 1817).

Cook, Albert S. (ed.), The Art of Poetry, Ginn and Co., 1892.

Cooper, Lane, Aristotle on the Art of Poetry, Ginn and Co., [c 1913]

Criticism in America: Its Functions and Status, Harcourt, Brace and Co., [c 1924].

Dudley, Louise, The Study of Literature, Houghton Mifflin Co., [c 1928].

Gates, L. E., Studies and Appreciations, Macmillan, 1900. Gayley, Charles Mills, and Scott, Fred Newton, An Introduction to the Methods and Materials of Literary Criticism, Ginn and Co., 1899.

Howells, W. D., Criticism and Fiction, Harper, 1893. Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, Laocoon, translated and edited by W. B. Rönnfeldt, London, Walter Scott, [n.d.]. Longinus, On the Sublime, translated in English by H. L. Havell, Macmillan, 1890.

Mencken, H. L., A Book of Prefaces, Knopf, 1917.

Prejudices, First Series, Knopf, [c 1919].

Second Series, Knopf, [c 1920].
Third Series, Knopf, [c 1922].

Fourth Series, Knopf, [1924].
Fifth Series, Knopf, [1926].

Moulton, R. G., The Modern Study of Literature, University of Chicago Press, [c 1915].

Muir, Edwin, Latitudes, Huebsch, 1924.

Pope, Alexander, An Essay on Criticism (first published in 1711).

Puffer, E. D., The Psychology of Beauty, Houghton Mifflin Co., [1905].

Richards, A. I., Principles of Literary Criticism, Harcourt,
Brace and Co., 1924.

Schopenhauer, Arthur, The Art of Literature, translated by
T. Bailey Saunders, Macmillan, [1915].
Sherman, Stuart P., Americans, Scribner, 1923.

Critical Woodcuts, Scribner, 1926.

The Genius of America, Scribner, 1923.
The Main Stream, Scribner, 1927.
On Contemporary Literature, Holt,
1917.

Points of View, Scribner, 1924.

Smith, C. Alphonso, What Can Literature Do for Me? Doubleday, Page, 1917.

Spingarn, J. E., Creative Criticism, Holt, 1917.

Voltaire, F. M. A. de, Essay on Epic Poetry (first published in English in 1727; French version, 1732).

Winchester, C. T., Some Principles of Literary Criticism, Macmillan, [c 1899].

Woodberry, George E., The Appreciation of Literature, The Baker and Taylor Co., 1909.

CRITICAL BOOKS AND ESSAYS

Alden, R. M. (ed.), Critical Essays of the Early Nineteenth Century, Scribner, [c 1921].

Arnold, Matthew, Essays in Criticism, First and Second Series, Macmillan, 1893, 1889.

Brandes, Georg, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, translated by Diana White and Mary Morison, 6 vols., Macmillan, 1901-1905.

Brewster, W. T. (ed.), Specimens of Modern English Literary Criticism, Macmillan, 1922.

Brunetière, F., Essays in French Literature, selected and translated by D. Nichol Smith, Scribner, 1898.

Carlyle, Thomas, Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, 4 vols., Houghton Mifflin Co., [n.d.].

Croce, Benedetto, Ariosto, Shakespeare, and Corneille, translated by Douglas Ainslie, Holt, 1920.

The Poetry of Dante, translated by
Douglas Ainslie, Holt, 1922.

France, Anatole, On Life and Letters, First Series, translated

Goethe, J. W. von, Literary Essays, a selection in English arranged by J. E. Spingarn, Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1921.

Jones, E. D. (ed.), English Critical Essays (Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries), Oxford University Press, [1922].

English Critical Essays (Nineteenth Century), Oxford University Press, [1916].

Lewisohn, Ludwig (ed.), A Modern Book of Criticism,

Boni and Liveright, 1919.

Lowell, James Russell, Literary Essays, Riverside Edition of The Writings of James Russell Lowell, Vols. 1-4, 6, 7, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1891.

Poe, Edgar Allan, Complete Works, edited by James A. Harrison, 17 vols., Crowell, [1902], Vols. 8-13.

Ruskin, John, Sesame and Lilies, Merrill and Baker, 1880. Sainte-Beuve, C. A., Portraits of the Seventeenth Century, translated by Katherine P. Wormeley, 2 vols., Putnam, [1904]. Portraits of the Eighteenth Century, translated by Katherine P. Wormeley and George Burnham Ives, 2 vols., Putnam, 1905.

Saintsbury, George, Loci Critici, Ginn and Co., 1903. Shaw, G. B., Dramatic Opinions and Essays, Brentano, 1906.

Taine, H. A., The History of English Literature, translated by H. Van Laun, 4 vols. in 2, Worthington Co., 1891.

CHAPTER II
EXERCISES

1. Comment on the following definitions of literature: (a) "Literature is the cry of the people."

(b) "Literature is the personal use and exercise of language."-Newman.

(c) "Literature consists of all the books . . . where moral truth and human passions are touched with a certain largeness, sanity, and attraction of form."John Morley.

(d) "Literature is an expression of something, of experience or emotion, of the external or internal, of the man himself or something outside the man; yet it is always conceived of as an art of expression."-Spingarn.