any armed opposition. He remained in military | occupation of the country until August, 1885, completely restoring tranquillity, and engaging in many useful labours for the permanent paci- | fication of the country. These labours included the marking off of the Transvaal and Bechuanaland boundary, as laid down by the London Convention of 1884, and visiting the chiefs of Northern Bechuanaland, Gasitsewe, Sechele, and Khama, over whom Her Majesty's Government had declared a protectorate in March, 1885. To return to the affairs of the settlers in Stellaland, it may be mentioned that after leaving Montsioa at the end of May, Mr. Mackenzie arrived at a settlement of the affairs of Stellaland with some of the persons with whom he had previously been treating, which involved a recognition to a great extent of the land claims of the Stellalanders, and of the money obligations of the Stellaland Government, and the assumption by the British Government of the administration of the country. This settlement was finally concluded on the 4th July. In August Mr. Mackenzie was recalled to Cape Town by Sir Hercules Robinson, and whilst there, in view of the disfavour with which his appointment and proceedings were regarded by the Cape Ministry, he, on the 19th August, tendered his resignation, which Sir Hercules Robinson and Her Majesty's Government accepted. In the meantime Mr. Rhodes had been sent to replace him in Bechuanaland, assisted by Commander Graham Bower, R.N., Sir Hercules Robinson's secretary; and, amongst other things, these gentlemen arrived at an agreement with the Stellalanders on the 8th September, rescinding Mr. Mackenzie's arrangement of the affairs of Stellaland, and restoring the temporary administration of its affairs to the white inhabitants, under the supervision of the British Government pending a final settlement of affairs and the annexation of Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony, which was the end generally kept in view by all parties. Charles Warren and the Bestuur, or Conncil, which existed in Stellaland during his presence in the country, were opposed to the Rhodes agreement on technical and general grounds, into which it is unnecessary to enter, as the whole land question in British Bechuanaland has been relegated to a judicial commission consisting of the present admiuistrator, Mr. Justice Shippard, and two officers of Royal Engineers. Sir On the 30th September, 1885, the territory south of the Molopo Kiver and of the Ramatulabama Spruit was declared to be British territory under the name of British Bechuanaland. A commission was issued to the Governor of the Cape of Good Hope to be its governor, with power to legislate by proclamation, and the actual duties of administrator were entrusted to Mr. S. G. A. Shippard, formerly attorney-general of Griqualand West, and subsequently a judge in the Cape Colony. Sir Charles Warron's force having been withdrawn, a mounted police force of 500 men was formed under Colonel Carrington, C.M.G., for service in British Bechuanaland, and also to patrol and protect the country of the three protected chiefs of Northern Bechuanaland already mentioned, Gasitsewe, Sechele, and Khama. The cost of the territory to the Imperial Government is at present at the rate of 100,000 a year. The latest accounts of the country are satisfactory. Governor, Sir H. Robinson, G.C.M.G. Administrator and Chief Magistrate, Sidney Godel- District of Stellaland. Civil Commissioner and Resident Magistrate at Chief Clerk and Assistant - Resident Magistrate, District of Mafeking. District of Taungs. Resident Magistrate, The Rev. J. S. Moffatt, 5007. Clerk, Charles Vincent, 2007. each. Police. Colonel, Fred. Carrington, C.M.G., 1,0007. Lieutenants, A. J. Bethell, W. McCallum, C. F. M. McGregor, A. Bates, E. E. Dunne, 138. per diem. Sub-Lieutenants, F. E. Lochure, C. S. West, Clifford St. Quintin, H. Holden, F. W. Brice, 118. per diem. Quarter-Master and Commissariat Officer, C. Goodyear, 17. per diem. Paymaster, E. H. C. McPherson, 138. per diem. 14004 BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. The territory under the jurisdiction of the British North Borneo Company (incorporated by Royal Charter under date of 1st Nov., 1881) comprises the whole of the northern portion of the island of Borneo from the S pitong River on the west to the Sibuco River on the east coast, together with all the islands within a distance of three leagues, including those of Banguey and Balembangan; it is held under grants from the Sultans of Brunei and Sulu, and contains an area of about 30,000 square miles, with a coast line of about 600 miles. The principal stations of the company are at Sandakan on the east (where are also the headquarters of the administration), Kudat on the north, Gaya and Mempakol (in Brunei Bay) on the west. At each of these there are excellent harbours, especially at the first named, which is situated in a magnificent bay some fifteen miles in length, with an average breadth of five miles. There are several other good harbours and bays in the territory, and one has lately been discovered on the south side of Banguey Island, but has not yet been properly surveyed. The greater part of the country is at present covered with jungle, but the soil is found to be well adapted for the growth of almost all tropical products, more particularly tobacco, sugar, coffee, sago, tapioca, &c. Samples of the first have been well reported upon, and its cultivation is being gradually extended." The mineral resources of the country have not yet been fully investigated. Gold has been found in two of the rivers on the east coast; coal, copper. and other minerals have also been met with, but so far have not been worked. The exports comprise sago, tobacco, gutta Assistant Resident, Dent Province, D. D. Daly. percha, indiarubber, rattans, beeswax, edible birds' uests, &c. Keppel 273 S. E. Dalrymple. A timber trade has been opened with both Aus- Chief Inspector of Constabulary, T. Smith. tralia and China. The revenue is derived from royalties on the various exports, a poll tax, licences for the sale of opium, spirits, and tobacco; and from the sale and rent of forest lands, suburban lots, and town sites.. The Company also issue their own notes, copper coinage, postage and revenue stamps. Money orders on North Borneo are issued in England, and vice versâ. The territory is administered by a court of directors in London, appointed under the Royal Charter; and a governor, colonial secretary, and residents appointed by them. The law of the country is based on the Indian Penal, Criminal Procedure, and Civil Procedure Codes, with an adaptation in special instances of several of the acts in force in the British colonies. Native courts are also established for the administration of Mahommedan law. There is a force of armed police under European officers. A European medical officer is attached to each residency. There is frequent communication by steamer with Singapore and Hong Kong, and occasionally visits are made by steamers running between Hong Kong and Australia. The authorised flags of the country are the British Blue and Red Ensigns and Union Jack, defaced with a "Lion" (the Company's badge). The appointment of the Governor is subject to the approval of the Secretary of State.. 1883 →→1884 Expen diture. $391,547 $242,450 $229,000 Revenue Land $51,654 $25,449 $82,449 $15,458 1885 (estimate) $107,004 $9,500 Imports. Exports. 1883-4 $512,785 $261,904 $488,374 $269,769 CYPRUS. Situation and Topography. The Island of Cyprus is situated in the easternmost basin of the Mediterranean Sea, with Asia Minor to the north of it, and Syria to the east, at distances of 60 and 41 miles respectively. It lies between 34° 30' and 35° 41' N. latitude, and between 32° 15' and 34° 35′ E. longtitude. The port of Larnaca on the southern coast is 258 miles from Port Saïd, and 1,117 miles from the harbour of Valletta in Malta. The island has been now systematically surveyed, and its area is 3,584 square miles. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean, being only exceeded in size by Sicily and Sardinia. Its greatest length from west-south-west to east-northeast, between Cape Drepano and Cape St. Andrea, is about 140 miles, and its greatest breadth from north to south is about 60 miles. The greater part of the island consists of an irregular parallelogram of about 100 miles long, and from 60 to 33 miles broad; the remainder consisting of a peninsula 40 miles long, and from 10 to 3 miles brond, The ancients compared the island, in shape, to the called the Carpas, and ending in Cape St. Andrea. outspread skin of a deer. The main topographical features of the island are the northern and southern mountain chains, and the great plain of the Mesaoria extending between them across the Island from the Bay of Morphou to that of Famagusta. The northern range, called the Carpas Mountains, and, towards their western extremity, the Kyrenia Mountains, forms a continuous chain bordering the northern shore from Cape S. Andrea to Cape Kormakiti, a distance of about 100 miles. The southern range, which is the more extensive and lofty of the two, occupies the western and south-western portions of the island, and trending thence along the south coast, terminates in the isolated peak called Santa Croce, about 12 miles west of Larnaca. The highest summit of this range is Mount Troödos, 6,405 feet above the sea level, and on its south-eastern slopes have been established the summer quarters of the English troops, and the summer residence of the High Commissioner who administers the Government. The rivers of Cyprus are nearly all mountain torrents, dry in summer. None are navigable. The principal river is the Pedias, which rises in the southern range, and flows north-northeast and east through the Mesaoria plain into the sea about 4 miles north of Famagusta. Near its mouth extensive marshes have been formed, and it can hardly be said at present to have any defined mouth. The Idalia, the second river of Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Hon. W. H. Cyprus, also flows through the Mesaoria. the island to chastise the ruler for the ill-treatment of his fleet. Richard sold the island in 1192 to the Templars, but as they could neither govern it, nor fulfil the terms of the sale, the king made it over to Guy de Lusignan, ex-King of Jerusalem, who promised to take upon himself the obligations of the Templars. The island was ruled by the Lusignan family from 1192 until 1489, when the widow of the last king of the Lusignan dynasty yielded the government of the island to the Republic of Venice, of which she herself was a subject. Venice ruled the island until 1571, when the Ottoman Turks invaded it, and captured and put to the sword the Venetian garrisons. The island remained under the government of the Sultans of Constantinople from 1571 until 1878, with the exception of the period from 1832 to 1840, when it was in the occupation of the Pasha of Egypt, who was at war with the Porte. It may be observed that the island was frequently invaded by the Arabs, Saracens, and Egyptians before its final conquest by the Turks, and that from 1425 to 1571, it paid tribute to Egypt. The great fortress and port of Famagusta was held by the Genoese Republic from 1373 until 1463, when the Lusignan King retook it with the help of the Egyptians. Population. The population of the several districts ascertained at the census taken in 1881 was as follows: -Nicosia, 56,312; Famagusta, 38,207; Larnaca, 20,766; Limassol, 29,248; Papho, 28,424: Kyrenia, 13.216. The total population is 186,173, of whom the Moslems forın about one-fourth, the rest being nearly all Christians of the Orthodox Greek Church. Towns. At The chief towns of Cyprus are Nicosia, the seat o government, with a population of 11,536, Larnaca, with a population of 7,833, and Limassol, with a population of 6,006. Both the latter places are on the sea, but are merely roadsteads. Famagusta, on the east, it has often been proposed to construct a great commercial and naval harbour; but at present the town is little more than a collection of ruins encircled by fortifications, and it has no more than 658 inhabitants nearly all Moslems. Varosia, a suburb of Famagusta, has a population of 1,906, nearly all Christians. The four towns already mentioned are the capitals of four of the six administrative provinces into which the island is divided-the other two capitals being Ktima, the modern capital of Papho, on the south-west, and Kyrenia, in the district of the same name, on the north coast. The latter port has some trade with the opposite coast of Karamania. Industry. Cyprus was in ancient times famous for its mines, but they have not been worked in modern times. One or two concessions have, however, been recently granted to persons desirous of renewing the mining industry. The wealth of the island, such as it is, consists in its agricultural produce, chiefly corn, cotton, carobs (locust-beans), olives, silk, and wine. The common wines are for the most part exported to Syria, Egypt, Turkey, and Trieste; but both the common and the richer wines are exported to Austria, Italy, and France, to be used in giving strength and flavour to the fruit of poor vineyards. Cyprus wine is somewhat heady for ordinary use, and its value in commerce has The been lessened by the tarry flavour it derives from the practice of carrying it to port in tarred skins. The agricultural prosperity of the island is greatly retarded by want of water, and by locusts. rainfall is somewhat deficient in the whole, and what there is, in great part goes to waste, from the unfortunate configuration of the country, the want of trees, and the lack of intelligent activity on the part of the peasants in its storage and distribution. The work of locust destruction has been vigorously prosecuted for the last four years with great success, chiefly on what is known as the "screen and pit system." The screens are stretched across the country in front of the armies of young locusts on the march, and as they are topped with oilcloth, the locusts are unable to get over them, and are gradually forced into pits dug at intervals transversely to the screens, from which they cannot emerge, as they are topped with a zinc lining. It is estimated that on the average only onethird of the cultivable land in Cyprus is actually brought under cultivation in any one year. The island has suffered greatly from the extensive destruction of its forests, but what remains of them is reported to be recovering under the better care now bestowed upon them. British Occupation. On the 4th June, 1878, a Convention was signed at Constantinople between the representatives of Her Britannic Majesty and the Sultan of Turkey, by which England engaged to join the Sultan in defending his Asiatic possessions against Russia in certain contingencies, and the Sultan, "in order to enable England to make necessary provision for executing her engagements," consented “to assign the Island of Cyprus, to be occupied and administered by England." On the 1st of July an Annex to this Convention was signed at Constantinople, in explanation of the conditions of the occupation. The following is the English official version of its provisions: kémé-i-Shériel) shall continue to exist in the "I. That a Mussulman religious Tribunal (Mahisland, which will take exclusive cognizance of religious matters, and of no others, concerning the Mussulman population of the island. "II. That a Mussulman resident in the Island shall be named by the Board of Pious Foundations, in Turkey (Evka) to superintend, in conjunction with a Delegate to be appointed by the British Authorities, the administration of the property, Mussulman schools, and other religious establishfunds, and lands belonging to mosques, cemeteries, ments existing in Cyprus. ever is the present excess of revenue over expen "III. That England will pay to the Porte whatditure in the island; this excess to be calculated upon and determined by the average of the last five years, stated to be 22,936 purses, to be duly verified hereafter,and to the exclusion of the produce of State and Crown lands let or sold during that period.* "IV. That the Sublime Porte may freely sell and lease lands and other property in Cyprus belonging to the Ottoman Crown and State (Arazi Miriyé vé Emlaki Houmayoun), the produce of which does not form part of the revenue of the island referred to in Article III. "V. That the English Government, through their competent authorities, may purchase compul sorily, at a fair price, land required for public in to be abandoned, from the 1st of April, 1879, for a jo The exercise of these rights by the Porte was agre ment of £5,000 a year. provements, or for other public purposes, and land which is not cultivated. VI. That if Russia restores to Turkey Kars and the other conquests made by her in Armenia during the last war, the Island of Cyprus will be evacuated by England, and the Convention of the 4th of June, 1378, will be at an end." Government. On the 14th September, 1878, an Order in Council was issued for the regulation of the government of the island. The administration was placed in the hands of an officer, styled High Commissioner; a Legislative Council was established, to consist of the High Commissioner and not less than four, and not more than eight other members, half to be officials, and half to be inhabitants not holding office. The latter were appointed to seats in Council for two years, and were eligible for re-appointment. An Executive Council was also established, and the High Commissioner was invested with the powers of pardon, appointment, suspension from office, &c., &c. usually conferred upon a Colonial Governor. So much of this Order in Council as relates to the Legislative Council has been superseded by another, lated the 30th Nov., 1882, under which the Legislature consists of the High Commissioner, who is usually to preside, six non-elective Members, being ffice-holders, and twelve elected Members, three to he chosen by the Mahometan and nine by the nonMahometan inhabitants of the Island. British subjects and foreigners who have resided five years in Cyprus can exercise the franchise, and are eligible for election as well as Ottoman subjects. The qualification for the franchise consists in the payment of any class of the taxes called Verghi. Judges are not eligible for election. The Council may be dissolved by the High Commissioner whenever he sees fit, and must be dissolved at the end of five years. The first Council is to be dissolved not later than the end of three years from its first election, which took place in May, 1883. The island, for legal and administrative purposes, is divided into six districts, namely-Nicosia, Larnaca, Limassol, Famagusta, Kyrenia, and Papho. In each the Government is represented by a Commissioner. For electoral purposes the island is divided into three districts, consisting of two administrative districts each. The courts which were in existence at the time of the occupation have been superseded by a new set of courts constituted by an Order of Her Majesty in Council, dated the 30th November, 1882, which provides for: (1) A supreme court of criminal and civil appeal, consisting at present of two judges. (2) Six assize courts, having unlimited criminal jurisdiction, and consisting of one or more judges of the supreme court, sitting with one or more judges of the district courts. (3) Six district courts, having criminal jurisdiction up to three years' imprisonment, and unlimited civil jurisdiction; and cousisting of a President and two ordinary Members, one a Christian and the other a Moslem. (4) Six Magistrates' courts, consisting of the President of the district court or the two ordinary Members. (5) Village courts, at present ten in number, in aldition to the judges of the district courts, and having jurisdiction in cases of commonage, disputes as to the partition of property, and debt, &c., up to 5l. Actions in the courts are divided iuto "Ottoman" and "Foreign" actions, according to the nationality of the defendant or defendants, and in "Foreign actions the President of the court alone generally exercises jurisdiction; as also in criminal cases against non-Ottomans. The Mahkémé-i-Shérieh, or Mussulman religious courts, are presided over by Cadis, but their duties are strictly confined to jurisdiction in religious cases affecting the Mahometan population, as contemplated by the Anglo-Turkish Convention. The principal sources of revenue in Cyprus are:1. Verghi Taxes-Consisting of— (1) A tax of 4 per 1,000 on the capital value (3) A tax of 3 per cent. on trade profits or 2. Military exemption tax of 2s. 6d. a head on males. assessed in money. 3. Tithes of the principal products of the island, 4. Sheep, goat, and pig tax. 5. An excise on wine, spirits, and tobacco. 6. Stamps, court fees, royalties, licences, &c., &c. 7. Salt monopoly. 8. Import duties according to the following tariff: Anchors and chains, boats, coals, casks (empty), and sacks, fresh fish, gold, bullion, and specie, ice, lime, machinery and agricultural implements, pitch and tar, printed books, resin, sponges taken by licensed boats, timber, hewn or rough sawn, barley, chopped straw, cotton seed. flour, fodder for cattle, oats, wheat, church furniture, drugs and medical appliances, stationery, silkworms' eggs, saw lust, uniforms of public officers, and professional robes of legal and judicial officers in the employment of Her Majesty's Government, bark, leather, and other belting to be used in the driving or working of machinery, vats and staves, or hoops for use in constructing casks or vats, and the following: (a) All goods imported for the Government of Cyprus to be used in the public service. (b) All military stores imported by Her Majesty's War Department. (e) All goods imported for the use of the High Commissioner. * Value assessed br Customs Officers. ↑ Duty charged on full value a: port of importation. Personal baggage, viz., wearing apparel, bed and table linen, and bedding. The importation is prohibited of silver and copper coins, locust eggs, salt, except refined salt for table purposes, and of all vegetables dry or green, except vegetables her retically sealed in tin cases, and potatoes, all fresh fruits and flowers, and fruit trees coming from French, Turkish, Greek, Austrian, or Italian ports. All exemptions formerly enjoyed by foreigners have been abolished, except that from the military exemption tax. The military exemption tax itself is now payable by Moslems and Christians alike. Certain tithes on minor articles have been abolished, and also on grapes, carobs and silk cocoons; but on the two last named articles a 10 per cent. export duty, and on raisins exported a 12 per cent. duty have been imposed instead of tithe. All other export duties, and a fishing tax, have been abolished by the British Administration. There is a military police force of about 700 men, mostly Moslems. Archæology. 1884-85. Sums payable to Turkey, 92,8007. a-year. Imports and Exports. 1878. 1879. W. R. Collyer. J. A. Swettenham. Dr.F. C. Heidenstam, C.M.G Cyprus is remarkable for its medieval archi- 1st Electoral District.- Nicosia and Kyrenia. Elected by the Mahometan Voters United States Consul, is in the Metropolitan Museum at New York. A local museum has been lately started by subscription. Grant in Aid from Parliament. Granted for expenses of first installation and all expended prior to 31st March, 1879. + Excluding the payment to the Porte for 1878-79, no final adjustment of the sums due was made till 1882, and the £188,000 shown as voted between 1880-81 and 1882-83 was on account of the deficit to 31st March, 1882. See Parliamentary l'aper C. 3383, August, 1882. The years shown against these grants are the financial years in which the sums were voted by Parliament on account of the deficit of the year immediately preceding. § Includes £9,141 paid on account of the Pioneer Force prior to their absorption into the police. The increased expenditure in this year was due to large payments being made on account of previous years. See Parliamentary Paper C. 3383 August, 1882. Keoroghluzadé Hussein Ata Effendi. Pascali Constantinides. 2nd Electoral District.-Famagusta and Larnaco. Elected by the Mahometan Voters Mehemet Ali Fehim Effendi, Elected by the Non-Mahometan Voters- Theodoro M. Peristiani. 3rd Electoral District.—Limassol and Papho. Elected by the Mohometan Voters Ahmed Rashid Effendi, Elected by the Non-Mahometan Voters— Demetrios Lanitis Nicolaïdes. Clerk, Captain H. M. Sinclair, R.E., 100% List of Principal Officials. High Commissioner, Sir H. E. Bulwer, G.C.M.G.. 4,0007. Private Secretary, Capt. 300!. Chief Secretary to Government, Col. F. G. E. Assistant to Chief Secretary, G. Smith, 300l. to 4007 Queen's Advocate, W. R. Collyer, 7501. |