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ly sent as minister from Hanover to the diet at Frankfort, where he died. He was born at Hamburg, 22nd February, 1756, and died in 1816.

(Note 4.) VATTEL ON THE LAW OF NATURE, &c.-This has been, in most countries, a very popular work on the law of nations. Notwithstanding many novel and untenable positions of the new philosophy are to be found in it, and its opinions on the subject of religion and religious establishments, are to be unhesitatingly condemned as unorthodox, we still perceive so much merit in the production at large, that we do not hesitate to advise its perusal. Vattel is generally a perspicuous and elegant writer; and this work contains so much useful matter, and is so universally read, that to be unacquainted with it would indicate either a want of industry, or an unwarrantable fastidiousness of opinion. In the treatment of his subjects, however, his fullness sometimes degenerates into diffusion; and his reader has arrived at the conclusion, long before his author is willing to part with his demon

stration.

The preface to this work deserves particular attention, as presenting a clearer idea or definition of the law of nations than had before been given. [Vide (note 1) on this title.] Vattel's chapter on 'things odious and favourable,' a topic connected with the interpretation of laws and contracts, is so far from worthy of that ingenious author, as to have filled us with surprise, that so much contradiction, and even absurdity, should have fallen from his pen.

The work was published in 1758, under the title of Droit des Gens, ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle, and was translated into English in 1760. The last Paris edition is by Janet and Cotille, 1820. His system is mainly founded on that of Wolf, whose Institutiones juris naturæ et gentium appeared in 1754.

He differed, however, in various points, from his master, which induced him to publish in 1762, his Questions sur le Droit naturel, in which his peculiar views are set forth. The student will bear in mind that there is a greatly improved London edition, 1833, by Mr. Chitty, with copious notes, and which has been recently republished. Philadelphia, 1835. Emer de Wattel or Vattel, was born at Naufchâtel in April, 1714, and died in December, 1767.

(Note 5.) Du PONCEAU'S BYNKERSHOEK. This valuable accession to our English law library was published in 1811, in an octavo volume of two hundred and eighteen pages. It is also to be found in the third volume of Hall's Law Journal. Cornelius Van Bynkershoëk was a civilian of the most distinguished eminence. After practising with honour as a jurisconsult at the Hague, he removed to Leyden, where he became professor of law, and subsequently, president of the council of Holland. His works were published at Geneva in 1761—at Leyden, in 1752 and 1766. For a list of his works contained in seven volumes, vide post, Title X. Bynkershoek was born at Middleburg in 1675, and died in 1743.

LIST OF WORKS FOR OCCASIONAL REFERENCE ON PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.

[For the bibliography of various cognate subjects, and for similar lists of works for occasional reference, vide, in this Course, Auxiliary Subjects, Division III. Sec. 'Bibliography'—also, Title VI. ‘Lex Mercatoria.' Title IX. ‘Admiralty and Maritime Law, and ante p. 338 to 342.']

1. Archives politiques et diplomatiques, ou recueil de pièces officielles, mémoires et autres morceaux historiques, inédits ou peu connus, relatifs à l'histoire des 18 e et 19 e Siècles, par F.Schoell. Paris, 1819, 3 vols.

2. Burke's Works, passim.

3. Bassompierre, Ambassades en Espagne l'an 1621, en Suisse l'an 1625, en Angleterre l'an 1626. Cologne, 1668, 1744.

4. Causes célèbres du droit des gens, redigées par Ch. de

Martens. Leipsic, 1827.

5. Cours de style diplomatique, par H. Meisel. Paris, 1826. 6. Code diplomatique des Aubains, ou du Droit conventionnel entre la France et les autres puissances, relativement à la capacité réciproque d'acquérir ou de transmettre les biens, mubles ou immeubles par actes entre vifs, par disposition de dernière volonté et par succession ab intestat: par M. Gaschon. Paris, 1818, 1 vol. 8vo. 7. Collection complète des ouvrages publiés sur le gouvernement représentatif et la constitution actuelle, par M. B. Constant. Paris, 1817, 4 vols. 8vo.

8. Considérations historique et diplomatique sur les Ambassades des Romains, comparées aux modernes; par M. Weiske, 1834.

9. Droit des gens moderne de l'Europe, par J. J. Kluber. Paris, 1828.

10. De la Liberté des Mers, par B. Barrère. Paris, 1798, 3 vols. 8vo.

11. De la Saisie des Bâtimens Neutres, par Hubner. 1759,

2 vols. 12mo.

12. Du Commerce des Neutres en temps de guerre, par Lam

predi; traduit de l'Italien, par M. Peuchet, 1802, 8vo. 13. Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution, by Jared Sparks, 12 vols. Boston, 1829, 1830.

14. Diplomacy of the United States of America. Boston, 1826. 15. Elémens de législation naturelle, par M. Perreau, 1807. 16. Gebhardt's State Papers relating to the diplomatic transac

tions between the American and French governments, from 1793 to 1800. London, 1816.

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17. Harrington's Works, particularly his Oceana, and Political Aphorisms, 1 vol. fol. 1656, 1700, Tindal's ed. 1737,

Birch's ed.

18. Historia del derecho natural y de gentes, por Marin, 1800.

2 vols. 8vo.

19. Histoire générale et raisonnée de la diplomatie française, depuis la fondation de la monarchie française jusqu'à la fin du règne de Louis XVI; avec des tables chronologiques de tous les traités conclus par la France; par M. de Flassan. Paris, 1811, 7 vols. 8vo.

20. Institution du droit de la nature et des gens, par Gérard de Rayneval. Paris, 1803.

21. Jenkinson's Collection of Treaties, from the treaty of Munster, in 1648, to the treaties of Paris, in 1783, 3 vols.

22. Ker's Memoirs of his Secret Negociations in Scotland, England, the Courts of Vienna, Hanover, &c., 1726,

3 vols. 8vo.

23. Locke's Treatises on Government.

24. Le Droit des gens Européen, trad. de l'Allemand de Schmals, par le comte de Bohm. Paris, 1823.

25. Letters of Sir Dudley Carleton during his embassy in Holland, 1616, 1620.

26. L'Ambassadeur et ses fonctions, par M. de Wicquefort, 1681, 2 vols. 4to. 1716, 1 vol. fol. translated by Digby.

27. Mackintosh's Introductory Lecture on the Laws of Nature and Nations.

28. Manuel Diplomatique, ou précis des droits et des fonctions des agens diplomatique, suivi d'un recueil d'actes et d'offices pour servir de guide aux personnes qui se destinent à la carrière politique, par le baron Charles Martens. Paris, 1822.

29. Machiavel's Prince; Political Discourses upon Livy; Let

ters on Matters of State.

30. Manuel du publiciste et de l'homme d'état, contenant les chartes et les lois fondamentales, les traités et les conventions, &c. relatifs aux constitutions politiques et aux intérêts généraux des états de l'Ancien et Nouveau Monde, par M. Isambert. Paris, 1826, 4 vols. 8vo. 31. Mémoires du maréchal de Bassompierre. Cologne, 1665. Paris, 1802, 1 vol. 8vo.

32. Mémoires touchant les Ambassadeurs, et les Ministres publics, par M. de Wicquefort, 1676, 12mo.

33. Paine's Rights of Man, and Common Sense. Philadel phia, 1776.

34. Précis de la Science du droit naturel et du droit des gens,

par M. Malpeyre. Paris, 1829.

35. Précis du droit des gens moderne de l'Europe, par Ch. de Martens, 1821.

36. Principes du droit public constitutionel, administratif, et des Gens, ou Manuel du Citoyen, sous un gouvernement représentatif, par M. Ferriera. Paris, 1834.

37. Richelieu Cardinal, duc de, lettres, où l'on a joint des mémoires et instructions secrètes de ce ministre pour

les ambassadeurs de France en diverses cours. Paris, 1696, 1790.

38. Sidney's Discourses on Government. London, 1698, 1772. 39. Sir Francis Walsingham's Complete Ambassador. London, 1665.

40. Thomæ Rymeri Fadera, Conventiones, &c. 10 vols. fol. 3d ed. 1739.

41. Tables des traités de paix, d'alliance, de commerce, de limites, de garantie, etc. entre la France et les puissances étrangères, depuis la paix de Westphalie jusqu'à nos

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