Name .George F. White . Charles P. Hitch . Frank B. Clark William H. Mackey, Jr. ..Asbury B. Patrick George W. Long Victor Loisel .Ben Ingouf .Henry W. Mayo . William H. Grimshaw . Aaron M. Storer Frederick W. Collins Edward F. Regenhardt .Albert J. Martin William Lindsay . William P. Warner .Harry J. Humphreys . Claudius Dockery . William E. Logan Eugene L. Lewis .Samuel Grant Victor ..William S. Cade ..Elmre B. Colwell ..John B. Robinson ..James M. Yeager ...Enos Hadsell Porter Harry S. Hubbard .J. Duncan Adams Name South Dakota.. Texas, Eastern. . . . Texas, Western. Utah.. Vermont Virginia, Eastern District .Seth Bullock .James G. Grumbliss . Calvin G. Brewster . James H. Anderson Clarence G. Smithers Frank H. Tyree Rockwell J. Flint COURT CLERKS A clerk is appointed for the District Court by the judges, and a like official is appointed for the Circuit Court of Appeals by the circuit judges. If the judges cannot agree, the associate justice of the Supreme Court assigned to the circuit makes the appointment. Both are removable at the pleasure of the judges. Deputy clerks are appointed by the respective courts on the application of the clerk. In case of the death of the clerk, his deputy or deputies continue in office and perform the duties of the clerk in his name until the vacancy is filled. The salaries of the deputies are paid by the clerk from the earnings of the office under the fee bill. Bonds are required for both the clerk and his deputies in the discretion of the court. The taking of a bond for a deputy clerk does not affect the legal responsibility of the clerk for the acts of his deputy. All bonds may be increased in amount when, in the opinion of the attorney-general, the increased work of the office makes such a step desirable. A clerk has the right to receive the fees earned by his deputy because the salary of the deputy ... must be paid by the clerk from the earnings of the clerk's office, and because also the clerk is responsible for the acts of his deputies. Numerous fees are allowed a clerk in addition to his salary but out of them the clerk must pay all the expenses of his office.1 Other fees must be accounted for to the Department of Justice.2 Most of the courts have criers though there is nothing in the law to prevent a clerk or a deputy clerk from acting as crier. In the eighth judicial circuit (Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Colorado, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah and Oklahoma) a messenger who performs the duties of librarian and crier also may be appointed for the Circuit Court of Appeals at an annual salary of $2,000. This messenger serves at the pleasure of the court. In the District Courts in California, Oregon and Nevada, the clerks are entitled to charge and receive double the fees usually allowed to clerks, and they may also retain fees for their personal compensation over and above the necessary expenses of their offices including the salaries of deputy clerks and necessary clerk-hire. The fees must not, however, exceed an annual sum of $7,000. The accounts of a clerk must be certified to by a district judge or a circuit judge as the case may be. Within thirty days after the adjournment of each term of a District Court the clerk is required to forward to the solicitor of the Treasury a list of all judgments and decrees to which the United States are parties, showing the amount adjudged or decreed in each case for or against the United States, and the term to which execution is returnable. At the close of each quarter the clerk is required within ten days to report to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue all moneys paid into the court on account of cases arising under the Internal Revenue laws as well as all moneys paid on suits involving bonds of internal revenue collectors. The report must show the name and nature of each case, the date of payment into court, the amount paid on account of debt, tax or penalty, and also the amount on account of costs. 1 See Judicial Officers, Fed. Stat., Annotated Vol. IV. 2 Ibid. CHAPTER XIV UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE The organized body of agents of the Treasury Department, commonly known as the Federal Secret Service, is primarily a bureau of investigation to detect crimes committed or in contemplation against the currency of this country. Strictly speaking, this body of men is neither a police nor detective force though much of the work performed by it partakes of the nature of both. It is first of all a preventive force working necessarily through secret channels and guided by a responsible chief with headquarters in the Treasury Building at Washington. The service has twenty-six divisions throughout the country and each division is directed by a local head. John Elbert Wilkie, formerly engaged in newspaper work in Chicago, is the present head of the Secret Service. He received his appointment in 1898. One of the most grave and insidious attacks on the commercial and economic well-being of the country is without doubt the art of the counterfeiter. This art to be effective must be cultivated with the utmost care, and it is to its practice that the most intelligent and most desperate of the criminal classes devote their talents. The foreign and particularly, the Italian criminal, has become remarkably adept in the coining of bad money. The work is of comparatively recent growth. During the Civil War and the decade following its close the counterfeiting of Government bank-notes was more or less extensive. This was rendered easier by the adoption and careless circulation of the so-called "spider-leg paper" which derived its name from the manner in which it was made, that is, the interweaving into the paper of minute fragments of silk thread. The quality of the paper demanded a certain kind of hydrostatic press which was expensive in comparison to previous machines. These notes could be easily counterfeited. "The consequences attending this whole course of insane action by the Treasury Department," says a contemporary, "culminated in flooding the land with counterfeit Government currency. Scarcely was the ink dry on the first note from the press of the Treasury, before its bogus counterpart appeared in circulation. "There have been only three of all the issues of currency, including about thirty-five, which have not been successfully counterfeited." 1 This species of counterfeiting was effected by open theft of plates and materials by employees of the Treasury Department with the connivance of certain minor officials.2 In contrast to this dark picture of official corruption, Chief Wilkie is authority for the statement that there are thousands of photo-engraving companies in the United States to-day which, so far as their mechanical appliances and facilities are concerned, are fully equipped to manufacture a good counterfeit of bank-notes. "The employees of these concerns," he says, "who form an army of probably 20,000 people, have the technical ability necessary to the production of such a counterfeit. Yet the records of our division show that the cases in which members of the engraving or photo-engraving trades have prostituted their skill to such base uses may be counted on the fingers of one hand." 3 The clever and unscrupulous foreign-born criminal has accordingly stepped in where, so to speak, the native fears to tread. These criminals usually work in groups. It is the coiner of spurious silver money and small change who ordinarily works alone. And it is the counterfeiter of both paper and coin to whom other grave crimes including even murder have been traced. One of the most notable cases 1 History of the U. S. Secret Service by Gen. L. C. Baker (1867). 2 Ibid, Chap. XXVIII. Chief Wilkie, Interview published in the N. Y. Times, January 29, 1911. |