The weights of Leipsic are the same as at Dresden, but the following differences exist in their measures :

756 kans of Leipsic are equal to 972 of Dresden; or 100 of Leipsic to 128 of Dresden.

The eimer of Leipsic is 204 English gallons.
The eimer of Dresden is 18 English gallons.

A fass of beer, at Leipsic, is 300 Leipsic kannen.
At Dresden, a fass of beer is 420 Dresden kannen.

LONG MEASURE.

The ell, at Leipsic and Dresden, is two feet. 100 feet of Leipsic are 923 English feet; or, 100 ells of Leipsic 61 English yards.

100 feet of Dresden are 929 English feet; or, 100 ells of Dresden 62 English yards.

LISBON, the capital of Portugal, situate on the river Tagus, has one of the finest harbours of the world. Wine is the most considerable article of exportation; and the quantity shipped to England, both from Lisbon and Oporto, is very great. Salt is also a principal article of commerce, and the Portuguese salt has the quality of preserving provisions better than that of any other country. The country yields excellent white honey; fruits, such as lemons and oranges, which are, however, very inferior to the Spanish; almonds, with which the pigs are fed, and to which the Portuguese hams owe their celebrity; and figs, produced in Algarve, which are consumed in the country. The Portuguese wool is coarse, and much inferior to the Spanish.

The returns are, flax, iron, wheat, salted fish, calicoes, and other British manufactured goods; silk and woollen stockings, watches, and trinkets, hardware, copper, lead, coals; and provisions, grain, and flour from Ireland. To the north of Europe the exports are wines, salt, fruits, and some colonial produce; and the returns consist in hemp, flax, iron, timber, and deals, stock-fish, pitch, tar, Russian and German linens, and particularly grain. A great smuggling trade is carried on with Spain in sugar, tobacco, spices, &c.

MONIES.

Accounts are kept in all Portugal in rees, which are the smallest coin

of the kingdom; or in crusados and rees, the crusado being reckon at 400 rees. When they are kept in rees, they are reckoned by thousan separating them by a point: the millions by two points: and so 1000 rees are called a milree, and are also distinguished by a pecul mark, something resembling a capital italic S, with two parallel strol drawn obliquely through it. The same mark is also frequently us instead of the. Thus, 90: 414. 583 means 90 millions 414 thousa 583 rees. If the three first places are ciphers, as 384. 000, it is ust to say 384 millrees, rather than 384 thousand rees.

The half-moidore, coined at 2000 rees, passes for 2400; the ne crusado, coined for 400, passes for 480 rees; the old crusado, or crusa of exchange, is 400; and the vinten, or vintem, 20 rees.

EXCHANGES.

On London, one milree for 65 pence sterling.
On Amsterdam, 400 rees for 42 pence Flem.
On Genoa, 790 rees for 5 lire fuori banco.

On Hamburgh, 400 rees for 40 pence Flem. banco.
On Leghorn, 800 rees for one pezza da otta reali.
On Paris, 540 rees for three francs.

On Spain, 2690 rees for one pistole of exchange.

100 arratels, Portuguese, are equal to 101 lb. 3 oz. English; and 100 lb. English equal 98.828 arratels.

The moyo of corn, salt, &c. is 15 fanegas, or 60 alquieres; the alquiere being four fanegas, and is equal to 23 English Winchester

bushels.

A tonnelada is two pipes of 26 almudas each, but the custom-house at London reckons a pipe of Lisbon wine at 31 almudas, or 140 English wine gallons.

The tonnelada

227 English gallons.

But from one place in Portugal to another, a tonnelada is reckoned at 52 almudas of liquids, or 54 almudas of dry goods.

Coffee is sold per arroba; cotton, indigo, and pepper, per lb. ; oil, per almuda; wine, per pipe; corn, per alquiere; salt, per moyo.

Grain, seed, fish, wool, and timber are sold on board; the import duties are, on

Butter, three rees per lb.

Porter, 15 per cent. upon ·
Whiskey, the value.

Tin, 360 rees per arroba.

Flax.. 1249 do. per 160 lb.
Hemp. 745 do.

Sugar, coffee, indigo, cotton, cocoa, figs, rice, dye-woods, wine, rum, lemons, oranges, and salt pay an export duty of six per cent. on the value.

MADRID is not to be considered as a commercial place otherwise than as a depôt for inland and foreign produce passing to and from Cadiz, and the other seaports of the kingdom. Indeed there are few commercial persons resident in Madrid who have not immediate connection with a house at Cadiz; to that article, therefore, reference must be had for much of the commercial information respecting the capital. Most of the wool of Spain is exported from Bilboa. It has been more than once observed, that, in Spain, are eight different valuations of money. In Madrid, of course, they are all known, but the principal and most current is the Castilian, which consists of

1. The common Castilian monies of account, in which accounts are kept in Madrid and other places, viz.

Reales de vellon, of thirty-four maravedis de vellon each; and Reales de plata antigua, of thirty-four maravedis de plata antig. each. The latter, which is commonly called the real of plata, is mostly used in foreign commerce, and in exchanges. The real de vellon is also divided into seventeen ochavos, of twenty dineros of Castile. The real of plata is 640 dineros of Castile; or thirty-two reales de vellon are seventeen reales de plata antigua.

The following table shows the respective proportions:

2. The old Castilian monies of exchange, viz.

Ducado di cambio, of eleven reales one maravedi; or 375 maraved de plata antigua, equal to 706 maravedis de vellon.

Doubloon de plata antigua of thirty-two reales de plata antig.
Peso or dollar de plata ant. of eight reales de plata antig.

All these are also divided into twenty sueldos, of twelve dineros. 3. The new provincial monies of account, used in the inland trad and at Malaga, viz.

Doubloon de plata nueva, or provincial, of sixty reales de vellon Peso de plata nueva, or provincial, of fifteen reales de vellon.

Real de plata nueva, or provincial, of thirty-four maravedis de plat: nueva, or two reales de vellon.

Ducado de plata, of eleven reales de plata antigua, or 704 maravedi de vellon.

Ducado de vellon, of eleven reales de vellon, or 374 maravedis do. 4. The Castilian occasional monies of account, viz.

Ducado de oro, of forty-five and three-fourths maravedis de vellon. Ducado of freight, of twelve reales de plata antigua in Cadiz, or twenty-two and a half reales de vellon at Malaga.

Reale de plata corriente, in Bilboa, 512 dineros of Castile.

Blanca of Malaga, a half

Carnado of Malaga, a quarter } maravedi de vellon.

Ducado de plata nueva, of sixteen and a half reales de vellon.

The sterling value of the above monies may be found sufficiently near for all practical purposes, by valuing the real vellon at 24d.

EXCHANGES AT MADRID

On Amsterdam are one ducado di cambio for 96 pence Flem.
On Hamburgh, one ducado di cambio for 88 pence Flem.
On Leghorn, 120 piastres of exchange, for 100 pezze da otto.
On Lisbon, one doubloon of exchange de plata antigua for 2700

rees.

On London, one doubloon de plata antigua for 36 pence sterling. On Naples, 290 maravedis de plata antigua, for one ducado di legno.

On Venice, 340 maravedis de plata antigua, for one ducado banco.
On Paris, one piastre of exchange for four francs.

For the weights and measures of Madrid, see Cadiz.

MALTA, situate in the Mediterranean, between the Barbary coast and Sicily, is merely a rock, which, like Gibraltar, produces more expense than direct profit; yet it is indirectly singularly advantageous for carrying on British commerce in these regions. The trade of the island itself does not consist in the export of its own produce, among which oranges and other kinds of fruits are not the least considerable, so much as in the supplies received in English, French, and Italian vessels, of various articles for the consumption of the island, and in the large imports of grain from Italy. Many articles, however, are manufactured here from cotton, particularly gloves and stockings, which are in high repute. The inhabitants of the little isle of Gozzo (which belongs to Malta) are industrious in these branches of manufactures, and cultivate the sugar-cane with success.

Accounts are kept in scudi of twelve tari, the taro of twenty grani. The taro is likewise divided into two carlini, or 120 piccioli.

EXCHANGES.

Malta gives London one dollar of exchange for 48 pence sterling, or as used by government, one Spanish dollar for 49 pence sterling. Genoa, 4 tari 12 grani, for one lira.

Leghorn, 29 tari, for one pezza da otto.

Marseilles, 5 tari, for one franc.

Naples, 25 tari, for one ducato.

Sicily, 6 scudi, for one ounce.
Trieste, 14 tari, for one florin.
Turkey, 1 scudo, for 104 paras.

Bills are mostly drawn at 30 days sight; also, sometimes, at 60 days on London.

The oncia, or dollar of exchange, is two and a half scudi, or thirty tari: this money of exchange is called silver, the other, copper money.

The heavy cantaro contains 111 heavy rottoli, of two and three quarters lb. each: it is used for weighing butter, cheese, fish, skins, and salted provisions, and is equal to 213 lb. English.

The light cantaro consists of 100 light rottoli, of two and a half lb. each. With this weight all other goods are weighed: it is equal to 175 lb. English.

The salma of grain is equal to 8 Winchester bushels.

A barrel is two caffisi; the caffiso contains five and a half English gallons.

Malta is classed with Gibraltar in the acts of parliament which regulate the trade of these places, and deemed to be in Europe. See page 478.-See also REGISTER ACTS, and NAVIGATION ACTS.