The result of these rules is that

When both red and green lights are seen right ahead, another vessel must be approaching in an exactly opposite direction, thus

If the red light only is seen, then either a vessel is approaching on the port bow, thus

or is crossing in some direction to port, thus

If the green light only is seen, then either a vessel is approaching on the starboard bow, thus

or else a vessel is crossing in some direction to starboard, thus—

and if, in any of the above cases a white light is also seen above the coloured lights, then the vessel must be a steamer.

another a-head crossing her own course; or, by night, to cases where the red light of one ship is opposed to the red light of the other; or where the green light of one ship is opposed to the green light of the other; or where a red light without a green light, or a green light without a red light, is seen a-head; or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but a-head.

N.B.-The Ships are supposed to be Sailing Vessels, and the Wind is, in each case, supposed to be blowing from the top of the Sheet.

NOTES ON THE FOREGOING REGULATIONS.

The regulations have been held to apply to sea-going vessels only, and not to barges which navigate only in rivers; but they apply to steam-tugs, whether towing vessels or not.

When there has been a breach of the regulations, and a collision has occurred, it is to be considered to have been caused by the non-observance of the regulations, unless the contrary is clearly proved. If a vessel takes advantage of rule 19, and a collision occurs notwithstanding, she will have to show that the departure from the rule was necessary to avoid immediate danger, and also that the course she adopted was reasonably calculated to avoid that danger.

The fact of the moon being full and bright is no excuse for not carrying the lights. If the lights are damaged by the sea, they should be replaced as soon as possible, and in the meantime a light of some sort should be shown.

It has been decided that, when a ship is seen at a considerable distance, the helm should not be ported at once, neither should there be any undue delay; but the probable course of the other vessel is to be observed, and then the helm must be altered, if necessary, without further delay.

The expression "keep out of the way" used in the foregoing regulations has been held to mean, as a general rule, going astern of the other ship, but under some circumstances it is otherwise.

In all cases of doubt the safer course is to port the helm.

IF

STOPPAGE IN TRANSITU.

F the consignee has obtained the goods or cargo on credit, and he becomes bankrupt or insolvent* before the goods are delivered to him, the consignor, although he may have parted with the possession of the goods to the shipowner, can stop their delivery, and retake them at any time before they are actually delivered to the consignee, unless the consignee has sold them to a third party, who has no notice of any irregularity, and has paid cash for them, bonâ fide.

But if the bill of lading is stolen from the consignor, or appropriated without his authority, and it is afterwards indorsed over, then the right of the consignor will not be defeated, even if the indorsee acts bonâ fide, and pays value for the goods.

The right to stop the goods can be exercised, not only if the whole, but also if a part only, of the purchasemoney remains unpaid, and it may be exercised if the goods were sold on credit, and the term of credit has not expired, and even if the vendor has taken a bill of exchange in payment for them, and negotiated it. The right to stop can only be exercised by or on behalf of the consignor of the goods. The consignor, or an agent properly authorized by him, may give notice to the captain or other person who has the immediate custody of the goods not to deliver them to the consignee, and the captain is then bound to deliver them to the

* By insolvency is meant merely a general (but certain) inability to pay debts, though there may not be actual bankruptcy