justice on the part of God. For if it be granted that he lapsed, though not against his own will, yet of necessity, it will be impossible not to think that the admitted necessity must have overruled or influenced his will by some secret force or guidance. But if God foresaw that man would fall of his own free will, there was no occasion for any decree relative to the fall itself, but only relative to the provision to be made for man, whose future fall was foreseen. Since then the apostacy of the first man was not decreed, but only foreknown by the infinite wisdom of God, it follows that predestination was not an absolute decree before the fall of man; and even after his fall, it ought always to be considered and defined as arising, not so much from a decree itself, as from the immutable conditions of a decree.

PREDESTINATED; that is, designated, elected: proposed to himself the salvation of man as the scope and end of his counsel. Hence may be refuted the notion of an abandonment and desertion from all eternity, in direct opposition to which God explicitly and frequently declares, as has been quoted above, that he desires not the death of any one, but the salvation of all; that he hates nothing that he has made; and that he has omitted nothing which might suffice for universal salvation.

FOR A MANIFESTATION OF THE GLORY OF HIS MERCY, GRACE, AND WISDOM. This is the chief end of predestination. Rom. ix. 23. that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy. 1 Cor. ii. 7. we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom which God ordained before the world unto our glory. Eph. i. 6. to the praise of the glory of his grace.

ACCORDING TO HIS PURPOSE IN CHRIST. Eph. iii. 10, 11. the manifold wisdom of God, according to the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord. i. 4, 5. he hath chosen us in him; having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ. v. 11. in him, in whom also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestinated according to his purpose. This is the source of that love of God, declared to us

H

in Christ. John iii. 16. God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son. Eph. ii. 4, 5. for his great love wherewith he loved us.... by grace ye are saved. 1 John iv. 9, 10. in this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, &c. Wherefore there was no grace decreed for man who was to fall, no mode of reconciliation with God, independently of the foreknown sacrifice of Christ;' and since God has so plainly declared that predestination is the effect of his mercy, and love, and grace, and wisdom in Christ, it is to these qualities that we ought to attribute it, and not, as is generally done, to his absolute and secret will, even in those passages where mention is made of his will only. Exod. xxxiii. 19. I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, that is, not to enter more largely into the causes of this graciousness at present, Rom. ix. 18. he hath mercy on whom he will have mercy, by that method, namely, which he had appointed in Christ. Or it will appear on an examination of the particular texts, that in passages of this kind God is generally speaking of some extraordinary manifestation of his grace and mercy. Thus Luke xii. 32. it is your Father's good pleasure. Eph. i. 5, 11. by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will: in whom also we have obtained an inheritance after the counsel of his own will. James i. 18. of his own will, that is, in Christ, who is the word and truth of God,-begat he us with the word of truth.

......

THOSE WHO SHOULD BELIEVE, AND CONTINUE IN THE FAITH. This condition is immutably attached to the decree; it attributes no mutability, either to God or to his decrees; 2 Tim. ii. 19. the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his : or according to the explanation in the same verse, all who name the name of Christ, and depart from iniquity; that is, whoever believes: the mutability is entirely on the side of them who renounce their faith, as it is said, 2 Tim. ii. 13. if we believe not, yet he abideth faithful; he cannot

in thee

As from a second root, shall be restor❜d

As many as are restor'd, without thee none. Paradise Lost, III. 287.

deny himself. It seems then that there is no particular predestination or election, but only general,-or in other words, that the privilege belongs to all who heartily believe and continue in their belief, that none are predestinated or elected irrespectively, e. g. that Peter is not elected as Peter, or John as John, but inasmuch as they are believers, and continue in their belief,-and that thus the general decree of election becomes personally applicable to each particular believer, and is ratified to all who remain stedfast in the faith.

This is most explicitly declared by the whole of Scripture, which offers salvation and eternal life equally to all, under the condition of obedience in the Old Testament, and of faith in the New. There can be no doubt that the tenor of the decree in its promulgation was in conformity with the decree itself, otherwise the integrity of God would be impugned, as expressing one intention, and concealing another within his breast. Such a charge is in effect made by the scholastic distinction which ascribes a two-fold will to God; his revealed will, whereby he prescribes the way in which he desires us to act, and his hidden will, whereby he decrees that we shall never so act: which is much the same as to attribute to the Deity two distinct wills, whereof one is in direct contradiction to the other. It is, however, asserted that the Scriptures contain two opposite statements respecting the same thing;--it was the will of God that Pharaoh should let the people go, for such was the divine command, but it was also not his will, for he hardened Pharaoh's heart. The truth however is, that it was God alone who willed their departure, and Pharaoh alone who was unwilling;

'Voluntas Dei in varias species distingui solet, ut absolutam et conditionatam ; antecedentem et consequentem; signi et beneplaciti, &c...... Voluntas signi dicitur cum Deus verbo suo significat quid velit aut nolit ab hominibus fieri, et mandatis ejus continetur; beneplaciti vero, qua Deus apud se premit et occultat id quod vult facere.' Curcellæi Institutio, ii. 9. 6, 7. Thomas Aquinas and his disciples frame another distinction to elude the text in Timothy (1 Tim. ii. 4.) and tell us of a will revealed, and of another hidden, which is, many times at least, contrary to that revealed.....a distinction rejected by our 17th Article, which directs us to follow, not this supposed hidden will of God, but that which is expressly declared in his word.' Glocester Ridley's Sixth Sermon on the Divinity and Operations of the Holy Ghost.

V

1

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and that he might be the more unwilling, God hardened his heart, and himself deferred the execution of his own pleasure, which was in opposition to that of Pharaoh, that he might afflict him with heavier punishment on account of the reluctance of his will. Neither in his mode of dealing with our common father Adam, nor with those whom he calls and invites to accept of grace, can God be charged with commanding righteousness, while he decrees our disobedience to the command. What can be imagined more absurd than a necessity which does not necessitate, and a will without volition?

of it; for

Thus the numberless

The tenor of the decree in its promulgation (which was the other point to be proved) is uniformly conditional. Gen. ii. 17. thou shalt not eat of it; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die,— which is the same as if God had said, I will that thou shalt not eat of it; I have not therefore decreed that thou shalt eat if thou eat, thou shalt die; if thou eat not, thou shalt live. decree itself was conditional before the fall; which from other passages appears to have been also the case after the fall. Gen. iv. 7. if thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? and if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door, or, the punishment of sin watcheth for thee. Exod. xxxii. 32, 33. blot me, I pray thee, out of thy book which thou hast written......whosoever hath sinned against me, him will I blot out of my

3

This my long sufferance, and my day of grace
They who neglect and scorn, shall never taste;
But hard be harden'd, blind be blinded more,
That they may stumble on, and deeper fall;
And none but such from mercy I exclude.
the will

And high permission of all-ruling Heaven
Left him at large to his own dark designs,
That with reiterated crimes he might
Heap on himself damnation, while he sought
Evil to others, and, enrag'd, might see
How all his malice serv'd but to bring forth
Infinite goodness, grace, and mercy, shewn
On man, by him seduc'd; but on himself

Paradise Lost, III. 198.

Treble confusion, wrath, and vengeance pour'd. I. 211.

book. Such was the love of Moses for his nation, that he either did not remember that believers, so long as they continued such,. could not be blotted out, or the expression must be understood in a modified sense, as in Rom. ix. 1, &c. I could wish, if it were possible—: but the answer of God, although metaphorical, explains with sufficient clearness that the principle of predestination is founded upon a condition,-whosoever hath sinned, him will I blot out. This is announced more fully in the enforcement of the legal covenant, Deut. vii. 6-8. where God particularly declares his choice and love of his people to have been gratuitous ; and in v. 9. where he desires to be known as a faithful God which keepeth his covenant and mercy, he yet adds as a condition, with them that love him and keep his commandments. Again, it is said still more clearly, v. 12. it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgements, and keep and do them, that Jehovah thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers. Though these and similar passages seem chiefly to refer either to the universal election of a nation to the service of God, or of a particular individual or family to some office (for in the Old Testament it is perhaps difficult to trace even a single expression which refers to election properly so called, that is, election to eternal life), yet the principle of the divine decree is in all cases the same. Thus it is said of Solomon, as of another Christ, 1 Chron. xxviii. 6, 7, 9. I have chosen him to be my son, and I will be his father. But what are the terms of the covenant?if he be constant to do my commandments and my judgements, as at this day......if thou seek him, he will be found of thee; but if thou forsake him, he will cast thee off for ever. The election of his posterity also depended on the same stipulation. 2 Chron. vi. 16. so that thy children take heed to their way, to walk in my law. See also xxxiii. 8. and xv. 2. the Lord is with you, while ye be with him......but if ye forsake him, he will forsake you; whence Isaiah does not scruple to say, xiv. 1, the Lord will yet choose Israel. See also Zech. i. 16. Isaiah also shows who are the elect; lxv. 9, 10. mine elect shall inherit it......and Sharon shall be......for my people that have sought me. Jer. xxii. 24. though Coniah were the signet upon my right hand, yet would I pluck thee thence.