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Angle

Anglesey.

ANGLE of Incidence, in optics, the angle which a ray of light makes with a perpendicular to that point of the furface of any medium on which it falls; tho' it is fometimes underflood of the angle which it makes with the furface itself.

ANGLE of Refraction now generally means the angle which a ray of light, refracted by any medium, makes with a perpendicular to that point of the furface on which it was incident; but has fometimes been underflood of the angle which it makes with the surface of the refracting medium itself.

ANGLER, a perfon who practifes the art of angling, whether as a diverfion, or otherwise. See the ar

ticle ANGLING.

ANGLER, in ichthyology, the English name of a fpecies of lophus. See LOPHUS.

for.

ANGLES, an ancient German nation, originally a branch of the Suevi; who, after various migrations, fettled in that part of Denmark, and duchy of Slef wick, which to this day is called Angel, and of which the city of Flenfburgh is the capital. Here they were known, even in the time of Tacitus, by the name of Angli. The origin of this name is variously accounted According to Saxo-Grammaticus, they were called Angli from one Angulus, fon to Humblus king of Denmark. Widifchind, a Saxon writer, will have them to be called Angli, from an island in the corner or angle of the fea, which they conquered. Goropius derives their name from the Saxon word Angel, or Engel, fignifying a fifh-hook; the Angles, like the other Saxon nations, being greatly addicted to piracy, and on that account being fo named by the neighbouring nations; as if, like hooks, they caught all that was in the fea. To this nation the British ambaffadors are faid to have applied when foliciting fuccours against the Scots and Picts. The Angles therefore came over in greater numbers than any other Saxon nation; and accordingly had the honour of giving the name of Anglia to England. See ENGLAND.

ANGLESEY (Ifle of,) is the moft weftern county of North Wales. It is 24 miles in length, 18 in breadth, and fends one member to parliament. It is feparated from Caernarvonshire by a ftrait called Menai, and on every other fide is furrounded by the fea. It is a fertile spot, and abounds in corn, cattle, flesh, fish, and fowls.

At Port Aethwy, the most general ferry into the ifland, there is a great paffage of cattle. It is computed that the island fends forth annually from 12,000 to 15,000 heads, and multitudes of fheep and hogs. It is alfo computed that the remaining flock of cattle is 30,000. In 1770 upwards of 90,000 bushels of corn were exported, exclusive of wheat. The improvement in husbandry has greatly increased fince the fuppreffion of fmuggling from the Isle of Man before that time every farmer was mounted on fome high promontory, expecting the veffel with illicit trade; but fince that period, he fets in earneft to induftry and cultivation. Not but that the island was in moft remote time famous for its fertility: Mon, Mam Gymry, the Nurfing-mother of Wales, was a title it assumed even in the 12th century.

This island is divided into 74 parishes, of which moft of the churches are fituated near the fhores. By an account given on the 13th of August 1563,

there were 2010 houfholds, or families, in Angle- Anglefey. fey; allowing five to a family, the whole number of inhabitants in that period was 10,050. In 1776, the number of houfes in Anglefey was about 3,956: allowing five perfons to a family, the whole number of inhabitants was at that time 19,780; which wants only 340 of doubling the number of inhabitants in the intervening fpace. The chief town is BEAUMARIS.

In ancient times this island was called Man, Mona, or Moneg. It was the great nursery of the religion of the Druids; being the refidence of the Grand Druid, or chief pontiff, and confequently of all the learned doctors in that religion.

Many ancient monuments of Druidifm ftill remain in the island.-At Tre'r Dryw, or the habitation of the arch druid, are feveral mutilated remains, which have been defcribed by Mr Rowlands. His Bryn Gwyn, or Brein Gwyn, or royal tribunal, is a circular hollow of 180 feet in diameter, furrounded by an immenfe agger of earth and ftones, evidently brought from fome other place, there not being any mark of their being taken from the fpot. It has only a fingle entrance. This is fuppofed to have been the grand confiftory of the druidical adminiftration.-Not far from it was one of the Gorfeddau, now in a manner difperfed, but which once confifted of a great copped heap of flones, on which fat aloft a druid, inftructing the furrounding people multa de Deorum immortalium vi et poteftate difputare, et juventuti tradunt; Cæf. lib. 6.-Here were alfo the relics of a circle of ftones, with the cromlech in the midft; but all extremely imperfect. Two of the ftones are very large; one, which ferves at present as part of the end of a houfe, is 12 feet 7 inches high and 8 feet broad; and another 11 feet high and 23 feet in girth. Some leffer ftones yet remain. This circle, when complete, was one of the temples of the druids, in which their religious rites were performed. It is the conjecture of Mr Rowlands, that the whole of these remains were furrounded with a circle of oaks, and formed a deep and facred grove: Jam per fe roborum elegunt lucos, neque ulla facra fine ea fronde conficiunt; (Plin. Hist. Nat. xv. 44.)-Near this is Caer Leb, or the moated entrenchment; of a fquare form, with a double rampart, and broad ditch intervening, and a leffer on the outfide. Within are foundations of circular and of fquare buildings. This Mr Rowland fupposes to have been the refidence of the arch druid, and to have given the name, Tre'r Dryw, to the township in which it ftands. At Trev-Wry are feveral faint traces of circles of ftones, and other veftiges of buildings; but all fo dilapidated, or hid in weeds, as to become almost formlefs. Bod-drudan or the habitation of the druids, Tre'r-Beirdd or that of the bard, and Bodowyr or that of the priests, are all of them hamlets, nearly furrounding the feat of the chief druid, compofing the effential part of his fuite. At the laft is a thick cromlech, refting on three ftones.

The fhore near Porthamel, not far from hence, is famed for being the place where Suetonius landed, and put an end in this ifland to the druid reign. His infantry paffed over in flat-bottom boats, perhaps at the fpot ftill called Pant yr Yferaphie, or the valley of Skiffs. His cavalry croffed partly by fording, partly by fwimming. Of the conflict on this occafion we have the following animated description by Tacitus*

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Annal. xiv

: 30 "Stat

ANG

[ 3 Argiefey. "Stat pro littore diverfa acies, denfa armis virifque, intercurfantibus fæminis in modum furiarum, vefte ferali, crinibus dejectis, faces preferebant; druidæque circum, preces diras fublatis ad coelum manibus fundentes. Novitate afpectus percutere militem, ut quafi hærentibus membris, immobile corpus vulneribus præberent. Dein cohortionibus ducis, et fe ipfe ftimulantes, ne muliebre et fanaticum agmen pavefcerent, inferunt figna, fternuntque obvios et igni fuo involvunt. fidium pofthac impofitum vicis, excifque luci, fævis fuperftitionibus facri. Nam cruore captivo adolere aras, et hominum fibris confulere deos fas habebant."-Thus Englished: "On the fhore ftood a motley army in close array, and well armed; with women running wildly about in black attire with dishevelled hair, and like the furies brandifhing their torches ; furrounded by the druids, lifting up their hands to heaven, and pouring forth the moft dreadful imprecations. The foldier ftood aftonished with the novelty of the fight. His limbs grew torpid, and his body remaining motionlefs refigned to every wound. At length, animated by their leader, and rouzing one another not to be intimidated with a womanly and fanatic band, they difplayed their enfigns, overthrew all who oppofed them, and flung them into their own fires. After the battle, they placed garrifons in the towns, and cut down the groves confecrated to the moft horrible fuperftitions: for the Britons held it right to facrifice on their altars with the blood of their captives, and to confult the gods by the infpection of human entrails."-There are no traces of any Roman works left in this country. There stay was fo fhort, that they had not time to form any thing permanent.

ANG

] The greateft diagonal is 17 feet, the leffer 15, and the Anglefey. thickness three feet nine inches; but its height from the ground is only two feet: it was fupported by feveral ftones. The Welsh, who afcribe every thing ftupendous to our famous British king, call it Arthur's Quoit. In the woods at this place are fome druidical circles nearly contiguous to each other. At a fmall diftance from Beaumaris, on the fhore, Præftand the remains of Llanvaes, or the Friars. It was founded by Prince Llewelyn ap Jerwerth, and, according to the general tradition of the country, over the grave of his wife Joan, daughter of King John, who died in 1237, and was interred on the fpot. Here alfo were interred a fon of a Danish king, Lord Clifford, and many barons and knights who fell in the Welfh It was dedicated to St Francis, and confecrated wars. by Howel bishop of Bangor, a prelate who died in The religious were Francifcans, or minor friars. 1240. Their church and houfe were deftroyed, and their lands wafted, in the infurrection made foon after the death of Llewelyn, laft Welfh prince, by his relation Madoc. Edward II. in confideration of their misfortunes, remitted to them the payment of the taxes due to him, which before the war were levied at the rate of L. 12, Thefe friars were ftrong favourers of Glendwr. 10 s. Henry, in his firft march againft Owen, plundered the convent, put feveral of the friars to the fword, and carried away the reft; but afterwards fet them at liberty, made reftitution to the place, but peopled it with English reclufes. It poffibly was again reduced to ruin; for Henry V. by patent, establishes here eight friars, but directs that two only should be Welth. At the diffolution, Henry VIII. fold the convent and its poffeffions to one of his courtiers. They became in later days the property of a family of the name of White (now extinct), who built here a good manfion. It of late became, by purchafe, the property of Lord Bulkeley.

Near the ferry of Moel y Don appear the fine woods of Sir Nicholas Bayley, fkirting the Menai for a confiderable way. The wooded part of the ifland is on this fide. It commences at Llanidan, and recals the ancient British name of Anglesey, Ynys Dywyll, or the Dark Iland, on account of the deep shade of its groves: but at prefent it is (except in this part) entirely divefted of trees; and the climate fo averíe to their growth, that in moft parts it is with great difficulty the gentry can raise a plantation round their houfes. Plas Newydd, the feat of Sir Nicholas Bayley, lies clofe upon the water, protected on three fides by venerable oaks and afhes. The view up and down this magnificent riverlike ftrait is extremely fine. The fhores are rocky; those on the opposite fide covered with woods; and beyond foar a long range of Snowdonian alps. Here ftood a houfe built by Gwenllian, a defcendant of Cadrod Hardd. The manfion has been improved, and altered to a caftellated form by the prefent owner.

In the woods are fome very remarkable druidical antiquities. Behind the house are to be seen two vaft cromlechs. The upper ftone of one is 12 feet 7 inches long, 12 broad, and four thick, fupported by five tall ftones. The other is but barely feparated from the first is almoft a fquare, of five feet and a half, and fupported by four ftones. The number of fup porters to cromlechs are merely accidental, and depend on the fize or form of the incumbent ftone. Thefe are the most magnificent we have, and the higheft from the ground; for a middle-fized horfe may eafily país under the largest. In the lands of Llugwy, indeed, there is a moft ftupendous one of a rhomboidal form.

The church is turned into a barn, and the coffin of the princefs Joan now ferves for a wateringtrough.-A little farther is Caftell Aber Llienawg, a fmall fquare fort, with the remains of a little round

tower at each corner.

In the middle one ftood a

A fofs furrounds the whole. A holfquare tower. low way is carried quite to the fhore, and at its extremity is a large mound of earth, defigned to cover the landing. This cattle was founded by Hugh Lupus Earl of Chefter, and Hugh the Red Earl of Shrewfbury, in 1098, when they made an invafion, and committed more favage barbarities on the poor natives, especially on one Kenred a priest, than ever ftained the annals of any country. Providence fent Magnus king of Norway to revenge the cruelties. His coming was to all appearance cafual. He offered to land, but was oppofed by the earls. Magnus ftood in the prow of his fhip, and calling to him a molt expert bowman, they at once directed their arrows at the Earl of Shrewfbury, who flood all armed on the fhore. An arrow pierced his brain through one of his eyes, the only defencelefs part. The victor, feeing him fpring up in "Let him dance." This fort the agonies of death, infultingly cried out, in his own language, Leit loupe, was garrifoned fo lately as the time of Charles I. when it was kept for the parliament by Sir Thomas Cheadle ; but was taken by Colonel Robinfon in 1645. Above Llanddona is a high hill, called Bwrdd ArA 2

thur,

ANG Anglefey. thur, or Arthur's round table: the true name was [ 4 probably Din, or Dinas Sulwy; for a church immediately beneath bears that of Llanvihangle Din-Sulwy. On the top of it is a great British post, surrounded by a double row of rude ftones with their sharp points uppermoft; and in fome parts the ramparts are formed of mall tones. In the area are vestiges of oval buildings the largeft is formed with two rows of flat ftones fet an end. These had been the temporary habitations of the poffeffors. It had been a place of vaft ftrength; for, befides the artificial defence, the hill flopes fteeply on all fides, and the brink next to the ramparts are moftly precipitous. It is worth while to afcend this hill for the fake of the vaft profpect; an intermixture of fea, rock, and alps, moft favagely great.

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About two miles fouth of Plas Gwyn, the feat of Paul Panton, Efq; was fituated Penmynnydd, once the refidence of the ancestors of Owen Tudor, fecond hufband to Catherine of France, queen dowager of Henry V.; "who beyng (as honeft Halle informs us) young and luftye, folowyng more her owne appetyte than frendely confaill, and regardyng more her private affection than her open honour, toke to hufband privily (in 1428) a goodly gentylman, and a beautiful perfon, garniged with manye godly gyftes both of nature and grace, called Owen Teuther, a man brought furth and come of the noble lignage and auncient lyne of Cadwalader, the lait kynge of the Britonnes." match, important in its confequences, reftored the Bri-, The tish races of princes to this kingdom: Thefe reigned long, under the title of the Houfe of Tudor; the mix ed race having ceased on the acceffion of Henry VII. grandfon to our illuftrious countryman. The remains of the refidence of the Tudors are, the door of the gateway: part of the houfe, and the great chimneypiece of the hall, are to be feen in the present farmhoufe. Some coats of arms, and dates of the building or time of repairs, are to be feen, with the initial letters of the names of the owners. for a confiderable space before the extinction of their The Tudors, race, affumed the name of Owen. laft male of the family, and was fheriff of the county Richard was the in 1657. Margaret, heiress of the house, married Coning by Williams, Efq; of Glan y gors, in this ifland, who poffeffed it during his life. It was afterwards fold to Lord Bulkeley, in whofe defcendant it ftill continues. In the church of Penmynydd is a moft magnificent monument of white alabatter, removed at the diffolution from the abbey of Llanvaes to this place; probably erected in memory of one of the houfe of Tudor, who had been interred there. figure of On it is the a man in complete armour, a conic helm, and mail-guard down to his breaft; his lady is in a thick angular hood; their feet reft on lions, and their heads are fupported by angels.

On the western point of the bay is a small cape, flat at top, called Gaftell-mawr, joined to the land by a low ifthmus. It is compofed of lime-ftone, which is carried to diftant parts in fmall veffels, which lie in a small channel near the rock, and by their numbers frequently enliven the view. Roman coins have been found in this neighbourhood; but there are no veftiges of there having been any ftation. mawr, on the fhore, are vaft blocks of black marble Beyond Caftlefilled with fhells, corolloids, and fungitæ..

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ANG

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Tour in

body of copper ore perhaps ever known. The part of
At Tryfelwyn mountain is the moft confiderable Anglesey.
Tryfclwyn which contains it is called Parys mountain.
Of this mountain, and the works there carried on, we
have the following very curious and particular account
by Mr Pennant *
is extremely rude, and rifes into enormous rocks of Wales, ii.
coarfe white quartz.
:-"The external aspect of the hill
hollow, and has on one fide a small lake, on whose wa-
ters, distasteful as thofe of Avernus, no bird is known
The ore is lodged in a bason, or 263.
to alight. The whole afpect of this tract has, by the
Suffocating fumes of the burning heaps of copper a-
mineral operations, affumed a moft favage appearance.
rife in all parts, and extend their baneful influence for
ly deftroyed; even the moffes and lichens of the rocks
miles around.
have perithed; and nothing feems capable of refifting
In the adjacent parts vegetation is near-
the fumes but the purple melic grafs, which flourishes
in abundance. It is thought that the ore had been
worked in a very diftant period. Veftiges of the an-
cient operations appear in feveral parts, carried on by
trenching, and by heating the rocks intenfely, then
fuddenly pouring on water, fo as to caufe them to
crack or fcale; thus aukwardly fupplying the ufe of
proves that wood was made ufe of for that purpose. As
gunpowder Pieces of charcoal were also found, which
the Britons imported all works in brafs, it is certain
and it is very probable that they fent the ore to Caer-
that the Romans were the undertakers of these mines;
hên to be fmelted, the place where the famous cake
of copper was difcovered.
had a fmelting-hearth in this island; for a round cake
of copper was difcovered at Llanvaethlle, a few miles
They might likewife have
from this place. Its weight was fifty pounds, and it
had on it a mark resembling an L.

into Anglefey in fearch of mines. He vifited Parys
"In the year 1762, one Alexander Frazier came
mountain; called on Sir Nicholas Bayley, and gave
ced him to make a trial, and fink fhafts. Ore was
him so flattering an account of the profpect, as indu-
the mines were overpowered with water.
discovered; but before any quantity could be gotten,
two years after, Meffrs Roe and Co. of Macclesfield
applied to Sir Nicholas for a lease of Penrhyn ddu mine
In about
in Caernarvonshire; with which they were, much
against their wills, compelled to take a leafe of part of
this mountain, and to carry on a level, and make a fair
trial.
covered; but the expences overbalanced the profits.
The trial was accordingly made; ore was dif
They continued working to great lofs; and at length
determined to give the affair up. They gave their
tempt, divided his men into ten feveral companies, of
agent orders for that purpofe; but he, as a final at-
three or four in a partnership, and let them fink fhafts
of a place called the Golden Venture, on a prefumption
in various places, about eight hundred yards eastward
that a spring, which iffued from near the place, must
right; for in lefs than two days they met with, at the
come from a body of mineral. His conjecture was
depth of feven feet from the surface, the folid mineral,
which proved to be that vaft body which has fince been
worked to fuch advantage. The day that this dif-
covery was made was March 2d, 1768; which has
ever fince been obferved as a feftival by the miners.
Soon after this discovery, another adventure was begun.

by

Anglefey, by the reverend Mr Edward Hughes, owner of part of the mountain, in right of his wife Mary Lewis of Llys Dulas; fo that the whole of the treasure is the property of Sir Nicholas Bayley and himfelf. The body of copper ore is of unknown extent. The thickness has been afcertained in some places by the driving of a level under it, several years ago, and it was found to be in fome places twenty-four yards. The ore is moftly of the kind called by Cronsted Pyrites cupri flavo viridefcens, and contains vaft quantities of fulphur. It varies in degrees of goodnefs; fome of it is rich, but the greater part poor in quality.

"There are other fpecies of copper ore found here. Of late a vein of the Pyrites cupri grifeus of Cronsted, about feven yards wide, has been difcovered near the weft end of the mountain: fome is of an iron grey, fome quite black; the firft contains fixteen lb. of copper per clb. the laft forty. An ore has been lately found, in form of loose earth, of a dark purplish colour; and the best of it has produced better than eight in twenty. Some years ago, above thirty pounds of native copper was found in driving a level through a turbery; fome was in form of mofs, fome in very thin leaves.

"It is quarried out of the bed in vaft maffes; is broken into fmall pieces; and the moft pure part is fold raw, at the rate of about 3. to 6. per ton, or fent to the fmelting-houfes of the refpective companies to be melted into metal.. Mr Hughes has great furnaces of his own at Ravenhead, near Liverpool, and at Swanfey, in South Wales. An idea of the wealth of thefe mines may be formed, by confidering that the Macclesfield company have had at once fourteen thoufand tons of ore upon bank, and Mr Hughes thirty thousand.

"The more impure ore is alfo broken to the fize of about hens eggs; but in order to clear it from the quantity of fulphur with which it abounds, as well as other adventitious matter, it muft undergo the operation of burning. For that purpofe it is placed between two parallel walls of vaft length: fome kilns are 20, others 40, and 50 yards in length; fome 10, others 20, feet wide, and above 4 feet in height. The space between is not only filled, but the ore is piled many feet higher, in a convex form, from end to end. The whole is then covered with flat ftones, clofely luted with clay; and above is placed a general integument of clay, and fmall rubbish of the work, in order to prevent any of the fumes from evaporating. Of late, fome kilns have been conftructed with brick arches over the ore, which is found to be the best method of burning. Within these few years, attempts are made to preferve the fulphur from Aying away; and that is done by flues made of brick, whofe tops are in form of a Gothic arch, many fcores of feet in length. One end of these opens into the beds of copper which are to be burnt. Those beds are fet on fire by a very fmall quantity of coal, for all the reft is effected by its own phlogifton. The volatile part is confined, and directed to the flues; in its courfe the fulphureous particles ftrike against their roofs, and fall to the bottom in form of the finest brimftone; which is collected and carried to adjacent houses, where it is melted into what is called in the fhops ftone brim ftone.

"The beds of copper, thus piled for burning, are

of vaft extent. Some contain 400 tons of ore, others Anglesey. 2000. The first require four months to be completely burnt, the laft near ten. Thus burnt, it is carried to proper places to be dreffed, or washed, and made merchantable. By this process the ore is reduced to a fourth part in quantity, but confiderably improved in quality and by this means the water is ftrongly or richly impregnated with copper, which is diffolved by the acid quality of the fulphur; and is collected or precipitated again by iron in the above-defcribed pits. The iron is all diffolved.

"But a far richer produce of copper is difcovered from the water lodged in the bottom of the bed of ore, which is highly faturated with the precious metal. This is drawn up, either by means of whimfies or windmills, to the furface, and then distributed into numbers of rectangular pits 36 feet long, fome pits more fome lefs, 12 to 15 feet broad and 20 inches deep. To speak in the language of the adept, Venus must make an affignation with Mars, or this folution will have no effect. In plain English, a quantity of iron must be immerfed in the water. The kind of iron is of no moment; old pots, hoops, anchors, or any refufe will fuffice; but of late, for the convenience of management, the adventurers procure new plates, four feet long, one and a half broad, and three quarters of an inch thick. Thefe they immerfe into the pits.. The particles of copper inftantly are precipitated by the iron, and the iron is gradually diffolved into a yellow ocher. Great part of it floats off by the water, and finks to the bottom. The plates, or the old iron (as it happens), are frequently taken out, and the copper fcraped off; and this is repeated till the whole of the iron is confumed. The copper thus procured differs little from native copper, and is prized accordingly, and fold for prices of L. 25 to L. 45 a ton.

"This difcovery is far from new: it has been practifed long in the Wicklow mines in Ireland; and above a century in those of Hern-grundt in Hungary, where it is called ziment copper. The waters of the Hungarian mines are much more ftrongly impregnated with copper than thofe of Parys mountain. The firft effects its operation in 12 or about 20 days, the last requires two months. Horfe-fhoes, iron made in fhape of hearts, and other forms, are put into the foreign waters; and when perfectly tranfmuted, are given as prefents to curious ftrangers..

"The ore is not got in the common manner of mi ning, but is cut out of the bed in the fame manner as ftone is out of a quarry. A hollow is now formed in the folid ore open to the day, and extends about 100. yards in length, about 40 yards in breadth, and 24 yards in depth. The ends are at prefent undermined, but fupported by vaft pillars and magnificent arches, all metallic; and thefe caverns meander far under ground. These will foon disappear, and thousands of tons of ore be gotten from both the columns and roofs. The fides of this vaft hollow are moftly perpendicular, and accefs to the bottom is only to be had by small fteps cut in the ore; and the curious visitor must trust to them and a rope, till he reaches fome ladders, which will conduct him the reft of the descent. On the edges of the chafms are wooden platforms, which pro ject far; on them are windlaffes, by which the work. men are lowered to tranfact their bufinefs on the face

of

Anglefey, of the precipice. There fufpended, they work in mid Angling air, pick a fmall space for a footing, cut out the ore in vast masses, and tumble it to the bottom with great noife. In fuch fituations they form caverns, and there appear fafely lodged till the rope is lowered to convey them up again. Much of the ore is blafted with gunpowder, eight tons of which are faid to be annually ufed for the purpose.

"Nature hath been profufe in beftowing her mineral favours on this fpot: for above the copper ore, and not more than three quarters of a yard beneath the common foil, is a bed of yellowish greafy clay, from one to four yards thick, containing lead ore, and yielding from 600 to 1000 pounds weight of lead from one ton; and one ton of the metal yields not less than 57 ounces of filver. Mixed with the earth, are frequently certain parts of the colour of cinnabar. Whether these are fymptomatic of the fulphureous arfenical filver ores or of quickfilver, I will not pretend to decide. Something interferes with the fuccefsful fmelting of this earth in the grate; infomuch that it has not yet been of that profit to the adventurers which might reasonably be expected from the crucible-affays of it, and they have at this time about 8000 tons on bank undifpofed of. This place has been worked for lead ore in very diftant times. In the bottom of the pool was found an ancient fimelting-hearth of grit-ftone, and feveral bits of fmelted lead, of about four inches in length, two in breadth, and half an inch thick.

"Thefe works have added greatly to the population of the island; for about 1500 perfons are employ ed; who, with their families, are fuppofed to make near 8000 perfons, getting their bread from thefe mines. The little village of Amlwch, the port of the place, is increasing faft, and the market grows confiderable. At the feafon of the greatest work, Mr Hughes's men alone receive for many weeks L. 200 in one week, and L. 150 in another, merely for fubfiftence. The port is no more than a great chafm between two rocks, running far into land, and dry at low-water; into which floops run, and lie fecure to receive their lading."

Near Kemlyn Bay is a quarry of marble, common to this place, fome parts of Italy, and to Corfica, and known in the fhops by the name of Verde di Corfica. Its colours are green, black, white, and dull purple, irregularly difpofed. In different blocks one or other of the colours are frequently wanting; but among the green parts are often found narrow veins of a molt elegant and filky white afbeftos. It is a compound fpecies of marble: part is calcareous and may be acted on by aquafortis. The green parts partake of the nature of jafper. It is apt to be interfected by fmall cracks, or by afbeftine veins, therefore incapable of taking high polish. This quarry lies on the lands of Monachty, in the parish of Llan-Fair-Ynghornwy; and it is found again in the ifle of Skerries, off this parish. Neither the quarry nor the afbestos are at prefent in

nle.

In Rhofcolyn parish, a green amianthus, or brittle afbestos, is met with in great plenty in a green marble fimilar to the above; but by reafon of the inflexible quality of its fibres not applicable to the fame

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ANGLING, among fportfimen, the art of fishing

with a rod, to which are fitted a line, hook, and bait. Angling, See FISHING-Rod, FISHING-Hook, F13HING-Fly.

The angler's firft business is to attract the fish to the place intended for angling. The method of doing this, in ftanding waters, by throwing in grains, chopped worms, and the like, is well known: but the chief dif ficulty is in running rivers and brooks. The method, in this cafe, is to prepare a tin box capable of holding fome hundred of worms, bored on all fides, and full of holes of fuch a fize as they may be just able to crawl out at; there must be a plummet faftened to this box to fink it, and a line to draw it back at pleasure; in this cafe it is to be thrown into the water in a proper place, above which the angler may stand under cover. The worms will flowly and gradually crawl out of this box, and the fish will be gathered about to feed on them; the baited hook is to be thrown in higher up and carried down by the ftream. If this method do not bring the fish about the place in a little time, there is reafon to fufpect that fome pike lies lurking thereabout, and deters them: in this cafe, it is proper to throw out a baited hook, and he will generally be taken; after this the attempt will fucceed.

When the angler takes his fland, he is to fhelter himfelf under fome tree or bush, or stand so far from the brink of the water that he can only difcern his float; as the fish are timorous and cafily frighted away. The angling rod must be kept in a moderate state, neither too dry nor too moist: in the firft cafe, it will be brittle; in the other, rotten. When paftes are used, it is proper to mix a little tow with them, and rub them over with honey; finally, a fmall anointing with butter is of great ufe to keep them from washing off the hook. The eyes of any fish that is taken are an excellent bait for almoft any other kind of fish. The best way of angling with the fly is down the river, and not up; neither need the angler ever make above half a dozen of trials in one place, either with fly or ground bait, when he angles for trout: by that time the fifh will either offer to take, or refuse the bait and not ftir at all.

In a pond, the beft place for the angler to take his ftand is ufually that where the cattle go up into water: in rivers, if breams are fifhed for, it fhould be in the deepest and moft quiet places; if cels, under the banks of rivers that hang over; perch are to be expected in clean places, where the ftream is fwift; and chub in deep fhaded holes: roach are moftly found where the perch are, and trout only in fwift and clear ftreams. Places where there are many weeds, or old stumps of trees, harbour fish in great numbers, and they ufually bite freely there; but there is danger of entangling the line, or faftening the hook to the weeds. In cafe of this accident, recourfe is to be had to a ring of lead, of about fix inches round, faftened to a fmall packthread: this ring is to be thruft over the rod, and let fall into the water. It will defcend to the place where the hook is entangled; and then, by pulling the packthread gently, the hook will be foon difengaged, or at the worft it can only be broke off near the end of the line; whereas, when this is not employed, the rod itself is fometimes broken, or the line nearer its upperend.

Deep waters are beft for angling in, for the fish do not love to be disturbed by wind and weather.

The

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