decision could not be given the weight it otherwise would have had. (United States v. Borgfeldt, 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 197, of 1911.)

Paper used in the printing of decalcomanias, single transfer, is a one-thickness paper the surface of which is coated with a preparation of gum and duplex lithotransfer, is made of two layers united, the lower being plain and the upper coated with a gummy substance. This paper when lithographically printed is used to transfer lithographic impressions to pottery ware, etc. Such papers were held to come within paragraph 411 of the act of 1909. By changing the phrase "surface-coated papers, not specially provided for," in paragraph 398 of the act of 1897, to "papers with coated surface or surfaces, not specially provided for" in paragraph 411 of the act of 1909, Congress intended that such papers that in fact have a coated surface or surfaces should come within paragraph 411. (American Express Company v. United States, 2 Ct. Cust. Appls. 459, of 1912.)

Decalcomanias in ceramic colors, backed with metal leaf, were held to be dutiable at 65 cents per pound under paragraph 412 of the act of 1909 and decalcomanias not of that kind (except toy decalcomanias) were held to come within the provision for all other decalcomanias in that paragraph. (United States v. Palm, 4 Ct. Cust. Appls. 1, of 1913.)

Plain paper coated with metal, either by applying a metal wash thereto or by pasting metal leaf thereon, was held to be paper covered with metal or its solutions within the meaning of paragraph 411. (Kupfer v. United States, 2 Ct. Cust. Appls. 302, of 1911.)

Paper subjected to processes by which, after a finished design in colors had been imprinted on it, it was saturated with linseed oil and no varnish or other substance was applied to produce an added surface, was held not to be a surface-coated paper, but dutiable as a paper with the surface decorated or covered with a design, fancy effect, pattern, or character within paragraph 411 of the act of 1909. (Knauth v. United States, 4 Ct. Cust. Appls. 11, of 1913.)

as

White surface-coated paper, flint-glazed, suitable for covering boxes, was held to be dutiable under paragraph 324 of the act of 1913 "papers with coated surface or surfaces suitable for covering boxes" rather than under the provision in the same paragraph for papers with white coated surface or surfaces, calender plate finished." (G. A. 7808, T. D. 35878, of 1915.)

Paper coated with a solution of powdered tin and suitable for use in covering the edges of boxes was held to come within the provision in paragraph 324 of the act of 1913 for "papers with coated surface. or surfaces suitable for covering boxes" rather than under the provision in said paragraph for "papers wholly or partly covered with metal leaf" or "paper with coated surface or surfaces not specially provided for." (G. A. 7945, T. D. 36588, of 1916.)

Paper one side of which showed mottled effects in various colors was held to have been properly classified as "papers with coated surface or surfaces suitable for covering boxes" under paragraph 324 of the act of 1913, the importers failing to prove that the colored matter appearing on the surface of the paper was not in fact a coating. (Abstract 40074, of 1916.)

Photographic mounts or holders, composed wholly or in chief value of imitation parchment paper or of paper with the surface decorated or covered with a design or pattern, were held dutiable

under the specific provision for articles so composed in paragraph 324 of the act of 1913 rather than under the provision in paragraph 332 for manufactures of paper. Similar articles composed of cardboard are classable under paragraph 332 as manufactures of paper rather than under paragraph 324 as manufactures of surface decorated paper. (G. A. 7863, T. D. 36191, of 1916; Abstracts 39492, of 1916; 39852, of 1916; 40613, of 1917; 41029, of 1917; 41740, of 1918.)

Letters and initials made from metal-coated and surface-coated papers come within paragraph 324 of the act of 1913. (Abstracts 40356, of 1916; 42552, of 1918.)

Paper with white-coated surface, calender plate finished, and invoiced as white blocking paper, was held to be a calender plate finished paper within the meaning of the descriptive provision therefor in paragraph 324 of the act of 1913. (Abstract 40075, of 1916; followed in Abstracts 40468, of 1916; 41273, of 1917; 41843, of 1918.) Paper known as "Perlmutter," one surface of which has not been treated, the other having been treated with a layer of gelatin and then a layer of lacquer, presenting a shiny, glossy, and variegated appearance, is a surface-coated a surface-coated paper within paragraph 324 of the act of 1913, and not dutiable under the provision in that paragraph for "papers wholly or partly covered with metal leaf or with gelatin or flock, papers with white-coated surface or surfaces." (Bendix Paper Co. v. United States, 8 Ct. Cust. Appls. 366, of 1918.)

Painted cardboard bells used in the manufacture of Christmastree ornaments were held not to be dutiable as articles composed of surface-coated paper under paragraph 324 of the act of 1913, but dutiable as manufactures of paper, it being shown that the articles were painted after being manufactured. (G. A. 8317, T. D. 38255, of 1920.)

The term "cloth-lined or reinforced paper" is self-descriptive. This paper is sometimes used where an especially strong, nontearable variety of packing paper is needed, but there are also cheaper grades which are not very durable. It is much used in merchandise shipments, particularly for lining cases or covering machinery shipped in crates and for outside coverings for cases shipped on flat cars.

DOMESTIC PRODUCTION.

Materials.-Kraft paper made entirely of sulphate wood pulp is the paper most commonly cloth lines or otherwise reinforced, for kraft paper is the strongest and toughest wood-pulp paper. To some extent cheaper papers are used. Asphalt is used for cementing pur

poses.

Equipment. The machinery used in lining paper with cloth or otherwise reinforcing it is mainly of domestic manufacture.

Methods of production.—In making cloth-lined paper, one sheet of paper is coated with a layer of asphalt. A sheet of cloth is then superimposed thereon while the asphalt is hot. In making stringreinforced paper, string is laid over the asphalt-coated paper. A sheet of paper is placed on top, and the whole thing pressed firmly together.

Geographic distribution. Of 9 mills reporting to Lockwood's Directory of the Paper and Allied Trades as manufacturing clothlined paper in 1920, 5 are in Massachusetts, 2 in New York, 1 in New Hampshire, and 1 in Pennsylvania.

Amount of output.-The annual production of cloth-lined paper in the United States is estimated at 1,000 to 1,500 tons.

Domestic exports.-Domestic exports of cloth-lined paper are negligible.

IMPORTS.

The following table shows our imports for consumption of reinforced or cloth-lined paper from the fiscal year 1914 through the calendar year 1921.

In comparison with domestic production these imports are of small importance. In the calendar years 1920 and 1921, although imports were in much larger volume than during the average of the period covered, they were at an annual rate of considerably less than 1 per cent of the estimated domestic production of 1,000 to 1,500 tons.

According to the trade, these imports come principally from England and Germany.

PRICES.

The following table shows the July prices, per pound, on standard grades of reinforced paper from 1914 to 1921.1

TARIFF HISTORY.

Cloth lined or reinforced paper was first separately mentioned in the act of 1913, at a duty of 35 per cent ad valorem.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS.

1

There is practically no foreign competition. As pointed out above, imports in the calendar year 1920, although considerably above the average of preceding years, were less than I per cent of domestic production. A comparison of domestic prices with those of imported cloth-lined paper since 1914 shows the average price of the imported product in each of the years named to be much higher than the quotations on standard domestic grades. This indicates that imports consist mainly of high-grade specialties which hardly come into competition with the domestic grade.

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND BLUE-PRINT PAPER.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

*

*

Act of 1913, paragraph 324: * albuminized or sensitized paper or paper otherwise surface coated for photographic purposes, 25 per centum ad valorem; plain basic papers for albuminizing, sensitizing, baryta coating, or for photographic or solar printing processes, 15 per centum ad valorem.

DESCRIPTION.

Two groups of paper are included in the above tariff designation, (1) photographic and platinum paper and (2) blue-print and brownprint paper. Each of these in turn is divided into two kinds, (1) the "raw" paper, which is practically the same as high-grade writing paper, and (2) the finished paper which is the "raw" paper after it has been sensitized for printing by photographic, blue-print, or brownprint processes.

As the names imply, these are the kinds of light-sensitive paper on which photographs, photostats, blue prints, and other similar forms of prints are made.

There are two kinds of raw photographic paper, namely, singleweight and double-weight. The single-weight papers, which are usually of higher quality, weigh from 27 to 36 pounds per ream of 480 sheets 18 by 23 inches. They are often sold on the weight basis of one sheet one meter square, a common weight for a sheet of this size being 110 to 115 grams, or about 31 pounds on the above-named ream basis. The double-weight papers vary from 235 to 260 grams per sheet of one square meter, or from 64 to 74 pounds per ream of 480 sheets 18 by 23 inches.

The finished photographic paper is sold also in single and double weight, in sheets of an immense variety of dimensions. It is also sold in rolls. Finished blueprint paper is usually sold in rolls containing paper 50 yards in length and 30, 36, 42, or sometimes 54 inches in width. There are three weights of the paper. The two most common weights are, on the basis of a ream of 500 sheets 17 by 22 inches each, the 17-pound weight, used for mailing purposes, and the 24-pound weight, used for ordinary shop purposes. Also, a

30-pound paper, on the above ream basis, is made for the use of shipyards, construction concerns, and others who do much work in the open air.

It is suggested that inasmuch as the albuminizing process is obsolete the words "albuminized" and "albuminizing" be omitted from the tariff law.

DOMESTIC PRODUCTION.

MATERIALS.

Photographic paper.-Raw photographic paper must be made from materials which unite in a uniform texture throughout, if the paper is to have what is termed a "clear look through." The stock used must be of even formation, or the surface of the finished picture will not be even. It must also be of such quality that the paper made from it will remain stiff and firm in chemical solutions and not "rub up." "" Another necessary characteristic is chemical purity. In order that the paper may have these qualities, it is usually made of rags which have been rendered chemically pure, with the addition oftentimes of small proportions of sulphite wood pulp and occasionally straw pulp. Both linen and cotton rags are used, the former being superior. Formerly certain manufacturers considered only pure linen rags suitable for papermaking, but now a large proportion of cotton rags are utilized. Some grades are made entirely of cotton rags, or of cotton rags with sulphite pulp additions. The best grades of raw photographic paper, which are usually of light weight, employ exclusively rag stock. In making paper in the heavy weights, small proportions of sulphite pulp are used. These heavy papers, termed "card stocks," are used for making picture post cards and for similar purposes.

The photographic paper which was formerly imported in considerable amounts from Germany usually contained cotton-rag stock and sulphite pulp together with a small proportion of linen-rag stock. The French paper contained a much larger percentage of linen, the remainder being either all cotton or a mixture of cotton and sulphite.

Raw photographic paper is sized to prevent the undue absorption of chemicals and water. Among the sizing agents are gelatin, casein, and rosin. Coloring matter of some sort is ordinarily used for tinting the paper. Frequently a filler, such as barium sulphate or china clay, is also used.

The principal ingredients employed in baryta-coating and sensitizing raw photographic paper are barium sulphate, gelatin, formaldehyde, silver nitrate, silver bromide, and the halide salts of potassium or sodium, such as chlorides, iodides, and bromides. Other materials are used in secret processes by various plants to attain specific results. Much of the barium sulphate and gelatin used is imported from Europe. Some manufacturers consider the imported barium sulphate and gelatin much superior in quality to the domestic products.

Blue-print paper.-The materials should be such that the finished paper will have strength and high folding qualities and will not "rub up" when placed in solutions. Raw blue-print paper is made from rags (usually cotton) and sulphite pulp, ranging from 100 per cent rag through various proportions of the two mixed together to 100 per cent sulphite. The best paper is of 100 per cent rag pulp.