Indian Affairs.

YUKON TERRITORY.

ORGANIZED JUNE 13TH, 1898. AREA, 207,076 Sq. MILES. POPULATION 1931 CENSUS, 4,230.

SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, DAWSON. The Yukon was created a separate Territory in June, 1898, by Act of Parliament (The Yukon Act). By amending legislation provision is made for a local Government composed of a Chief Executive, styled Commissioner (since classified Controller), also an Elective Legislative Council of three members with a three-year tenure of office. The Controller administers the Government of the Territory under instructions from the Governor-General in Council or the Minister of Mines and Resources. The Controller in Council has power to make ordinances dealing with the imposition of local taxes, sale of liquor, preservation of game, establishment of territorial offices, maintenance of prisons and municipal institutions, issue of licenses, incorporation of companies, solemnization of marriage, property and civil rights, administration of justice, and generally all matters of a local and private nature in the Territory.

Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Superintendent, Yukon District, Supt. T. V. SandysWunsch.

Province of Canada.

Metropolitan and Archbishop of Fredericton, Most
Reverend J. A. Richardson, Ď.D. (1905).
Bishop of Montreal, Rt. Rev. J. C. Farthing,
D.D. (1909).

Bishop of Nova Scotia, Rt. Rev. J. Hackenley, D.D. (1925).

Bishop of Quebec, Rt. Rev. Philip Carrington, D.D. (1935).

Province of Ontario. Archbishop of Ottawa and Metropolitan of Ontario, Most Rev. J. C. Roper, D.D. (1912).

Bishop of Moosonee, Rt. Rev. J. G. Anderson, D.D. (1909).

Bishop of Huron, Rt. Rev. C. A. Seager, D.D. (1926).

Bishop of Algoma, Rt. Rev. Roxborough R. Smith, D.D. (1926).

Bishop of Ontario, Rt. Rev. J. Lyons, D.D. (1932). Bishop of Niagara, Rt. Rev. L. W. B. Braughall,

D.D. (1933).

Suffragan Bishop of Toronto, Rt. Rev. A. R. Beverley (1954).

Province of Rupert's Land. Metropolitan and Archbishop of Rupert's Land, The Most Rev. M. M. Harding, D.D. (1909). Bishop of Keewatin, Rt. Rev. A. D. A. Dewdney, D.D. (1921).

Bishop of Brandon, Rt. Rev. W. W. H. Thomas, D.D. (1924).

Bishop of Calgary, Rt. Rev. L. R. Sherman, D.D. (1927).

Bishop of Yukon, Rt. Rev. W. A. Geddes, D.D. (1929).

Bishop of Saskatoon, Rt. Rev. W. T. T. Hallam, D.D. (1931).

Bishop of Edmonton, Rt. Rev. A. E. Burgett, D.D. (1932).

Bishop of Athabasca, Rt. Rev. A. H. Sovereign, D.D. (1932).

Bishop of Saskatchewan, Rt. Rev. W. Burd, D.D. (1933).

Bishop of the Arctic, Rt. Rev. A. L. Fleming, D.D. (1933).

Bishop of Qu'Appelle, Rt. Rev. E. H. Knowles, D.D. (1935).

Province of British Columbia. Metropolitan and Archbishop of New Westminster, The Most Rev. A. U. De Pencier, O.B.E., D.D. (1910).

Bishop of Kootenay, Rt. Rev. W. R. Adams, D.D. (1925).

Bishop of Caledonia, Rt. Rev. G. A. Rix, D.D. (1928).

Bishop of Cariboo, Rt. Rev. G. A. Wells, C. M. G., D.D. (1934).

Bishop of Columbia, Rt. Rev. H. E. Sexton, D.D. (1935).

Missionary Bishops.

Bishop in Honan, China, Rt. Rev. P. L. Tsen, D.D.

Dioceses.

Bishop of Alexandria, Rt. Rev. F. Couturier, D.D. (1919).

Bishop of Antigonish, Rt. Rev. J. Morrison, D.D. (1912).

Bishop of Calgary, Rt. Rev. F. Carroll, D.D. (1936). Bishop of Charlottetown, Rt. Rev. J. O'Sullivan, D.D. (1933).

Bishop of Bathurst, Rt. Rev. P. Chiasson, D.D. (1917).

Bishop of Chicoutimi, Rt. Rev. C. Lamarche, D.D. (1928).

Bishop of Gaspé, Rt. Rev. F. X. Ross, D.D. (1923).

Bishop of Gravelbourg, Rt. Rev. J. Guy, O.M.I., D.D. (1937).

Bishop of Haileybury, Rt. Rev. L. Rhéaume, D.D. (1923).

Bishop of Hamilton, Rt. Rev. J. Ryan, D.D. (1937). Bishop of Joliette, Rt. Rev. T. A. Papineau, D.D. (1928).

Bishop of London, Rt. Rev. J. Kidd (1925). Bishop of Mont Laurier, Rt. Rev. J. E. Limoges, D.D. (1922).

Bishop of Nelson, Rt. Rev. M. Johnson, D.D. (1936). Bishop of Nicolet, Rt. Rev. A. Lafortune (1938). Bishop of Pembroke, Rt. Rev. L. Nelligan, D.D. (1937). Bishop of Peterborough, Rt. Rev. D. O'Connor, D.D. (1930).

Bishop of Prince Albert, Rt. Rev. R. Dupras, O.P. (1938).

D.D.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CANADA.

Apostolic Delegation.

Apostolic Delegate, His Excellency the Most Rev. Hildebrand Antoniutti, Titular Archbishop of Sinnada (Phrygia).

Secretary to the Apostolic Delegation, Very Rev. Mons. D. Humbert Mozzoni,

Archdioceses.

Archbishop of Quebec, His Eminence Card. J. M. Rodrigue Villeneuve, O.M.I., D.D. (1930). Auxiliary Bishop of Quebec, Rt. Rev. Ó. Plante, D.D. (1927).

Archbishop of Edmonton, Most Rev. J. H. MacDonald, D.D., 1937.

Archbishop of Halifax, Most Rev. J. McNally, D.D., 1937.

Archbishop of Kingston, Most Rev. M. J. O'Brien, D.D. (1929).

Archbishop of Moncton, Most Rev. A. Mélanson, D.D., 1936.

Archbishop of Montreal, Most Rev. P. Bruchesi, D.D. (1897).

Archbishop Coadjutor of Montreal, Most Rev. G. Gauthier, D.D. (1912).

Auxiliary Bishop of Montreal, Rt. Rev. E. A. Deschamps, D.D. (1925).

Archbishop of Ottawa, Most Rev. G. Forbes, D.D. (1928).

Archbishop of Regina, Most Rev. P. Monahan (1935).

Archbishop of St. Boniface, Most Rev. A. Beliveau, D.D. (1913).

Archbishop Coadjutor of St. Boniface, Most Rev. Emile Yelle, C.S.S., D.D. (1933).

Archbishop of Toronto, Most Rev. J. McGuigan, D.D. (1934).

Archbishop of Vancouver, Most Rev. W. Duke, D.D. (1931).

Archbishop of Winnipeg, Most Rev. A. A. Sinnott, D.D. (1915).

D.D. (1928).

Bishop of St. Hyacinthe, Rt. Rev. F. L. Decelles, D.D. (1924), and Bishop Auxiliary, Rt. Rev. A. J. Desmarais (1931).

Bishop of St. John, Rt. Rev. P. Bray, D.D. (1936). Bishop of St. Johns, Qué, Rt. Rev. A. Forget, D.D. (1934).

Bishop of Saskatoon, Rt. Rev. G. Murray, C.SS.R., D.D. (1934).

Bishop of Sault Ste. Marie, Rt. Rev. R. H. Dignan, D.D. (1934).

Bishop of Sherbrooke, Rt. Rev. A. O. Gagnon, D.D. (1927), and Rt. Rev. P. S. Desranleau, Bishop Coadjutor (1938).

Bishop of Trois-Rivières, Rt. Rev. A. O. Comtois, D.D. (1934).

Bishop of Valleyfield, Rt. Rev. J. A. Langlois, D.D. (1924).

Bishop of Victoria, Rt. Rev. J. C. Cody, D.D. (1937).

Vicariates Apostolic.

Vic. Apostolic of Grouard, Rt. Rev. Ubald Langlois, O.M.I.

Vic. Apostolic of Keewatin, Rt. Rev. M. Lajeunesse, O.M.I., D.D. (1934).

Vic. Apost. of MacKenzie, Rt. Rev. G. Breynat, O.M.I., D.D. (1901)., and Rt. Rev. P. Fallaize, O.M.I., D.D. (1931) (Coadjutor).

Vic. Apostolic of Northern Ontario, Rt. Rev. J. B. Hallé, D.D. (1921).

Vic. Apost. of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Rt. Rev. Napoléon
Labrie, C.J.M.

Vic. Apostolic of the Yukon and Prince Rupert, Rt.
Rev. E. Bunoz, O.M.I., D.D. (1917), and Rt. Rev.
I. Coudert, O.M.I., D.D. (Coadjutor) (1936).
Vic. Apostolic of Hudson Bay, Rev. Bishop A.
Turquetil (1931).

Coadjutor, Rt. Rev. J. Clabaut, O.M.I., D.D. (1937).

Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. Ukrainian Bishop of Canada, Rt. Rev. Bishop Wladimir Ladyka, D.D. Winnipeg (1929). Rt. Rev. J. Prud' Homme, D.D., Titular Bishop of Salde (1937).

Abbey Nullius. Abbey Nullius of St. Peter at Muenster, Sask., Rt. Rev. S. Gertken, D.D., O.S.B. Abbot Ordinary (1926).

UNITED CHURCH OF CANADA. Moderator, The Rt. Rev. John Woodside, D.D., Ottawa.

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA.

Moderator, (vacant).

Atlantic Ocean until it reaches Cape Chidley," at the entrance to Hudson's Strait. The remainder of

the Labrador peninsula forms part of Canada. The area is about 112,000 square miles (equal to that of the United Kingdom), with a coast line of some 600 miles. The outside coast line is bleak, but the shores of the bays and rivers are well wooded, and in some cases densely so, the timber being high and sound, the temperature of the interior being, as a rule, like that of northern Canada. There are about 4,700 permanent inhabitants (some 750 Eskimo, the remainder of British descent), occupied in the fisheries and in trapping. The population is greatly

NEWFOUNDLAND.

Situation and Area.

Newfoundland is an island situated between 46° 37′ and 51° 39′ N. lat., and 52° 35′ and 59° 25′ W. long., on the north-east side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; the greatest length from north to south is 350 miles, and average breadth about 130; its estimated area is 42,000 square miles, or one-third of that of the United Kingdom. Population, 284,844 (Census 1935).

Labrador.

Labrador, discovered by the Norseman Lief, son of Eric the Red, in A.D. 1,000, and (in 1497) by Cabot, was early frequented by Basque, and subsequently by Breton fishermen. Population, 4,264. It became British on the conquest of Canada (1759). In 1763 the Atlantic coast was annexed to Newfoundland, but was temporarily re-annexed to Quebec from 1774 to 1809. The first judicial court was established in 1824; it was revived in 1863 and again in 1909. During the summer months several Justices of the Peace are upon the coast.

By the decision, on March 1st, 1927, of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the Atlantic watershed of the Labrador peninsular, including the basin of the Hamilton, was awarded to Newfoundland. This decision was the outcome of a dispute between Canada and Newfoundland as to the ownership of this region, which had lasted for 25 years and was ultimately by agreement submitted to the arbitrament of this Tribunal. Canada claimed that the "Coast of Labrador" which was attached to Newfoundland in 1763, was merely a strip of seaboard necessary for carrying on of the fisheries prosecuted there, and suggested that Newfoundland should only be awarded a strip one mile deep following the sinuosities of the seaboard. Newfoundland, however, contended that the word "coast" should be interpreted in its larger sense as a region or country, such as "the Gold Coast" or the "Coromandel Coast," and that this should embrace the whole territory to the height of land. This contention was upheld by the Tribunal which fixed the boundary as follows: 66 A line drawn due north from the eastern boundary of the bay or harbour of Blanc Sablon as far as the fifty-second degree of north latitude, and from thence westward along that parallel until it reaches the Romaine river, and then northward along the left or east bank of that river and its head waters to their source and from thence due north to the crest of the watershed or height of land there, and from thence westward and northward along the crest of the watershed of the rivers flowing into the

over 1,000 vessels being employed. Battle Harbour (Strait of Belle Isle) is the chief port, amongst the other villages being the Moravian Mission stations (commenced 1770) at Hopedale, Nain, Okkak, Hebron, Ramah, and Killinek. The Customs duties are those of Newfoundland.

History.

Sir

The island was discovered by John Cabot in 1497; it was as early as 1500 frequented by the Portuguese, Spanish, Basque and French, for its fisheries. Walter Raleigh and others, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, attempted to colonise this island, but were not successful. In 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert formally took possession of the Island in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and it was incorporated into the realm of England. In 1623, Sir G. Calvert, afterwards Lord Baltimore, established himself in the Peninsula of Avalon, the south-east part of the island, and appointed his son Governor. In 1634 a party of colonists was sent over from Ireland, and twenty years after some English colonists arrived, having emigrated by means of a Parliamentary grant.

The French, about 1620, established a station at Placentia; and for many years the French and English settlers were constantly annoying each other. At the Peace of Utrecht in 1713, subsequently ratified by the Treaty of Paris, the exclusive sovereignty of Newfoundland was acknowledged to belong to Great Britain, certain rights being granted to French fishermen, the extent of which long remained in question between the two nations. The French possess the small islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, and the district is resorted to annually by a French fishing fleet from St. Malo, Granville, St. Brieuc, Bordeaux, Quimper, St. Nazaire, &c. They claimed the exclusive right to fish along the coast from Cape John on the east coast round the north to Cape Ray on the west coast, upon which they were allowed temporary structures for drying the fish. That this right was an exclusive one was never admitted by Great Britain, which also contended that it did not include a right to the lobster fishery. By the declaration attached to the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, the King of Great Britain undertook to remove the fixed fishery settlements on the part of the coast to which the French rights extend. A proposal for the settlement of all the questions was agreed to in 1885 by commissioners representing France and England, but was rejected by Newfoundland. An agreement for the reference to arbitration of the lobster fishery question was signed in 1891, but the law approving it did not pass the French Chamber. Pending the arbitration, the modus vivendi, which had been adopted in 1890, limiting the erection of new factories, was renewed. The Colony reluctantly passed legislation in 1891 for enforcing it for three years, but rejected the draft permanent Bill for giving effect to the treaty obligations in the session of 1892. The Act was first continued to 31st December, 1895, then to 31st December, 1897, and in 1897 it was further

continued to 31st December, 1898. By legislation passed in each subsequent session the Act of 1891 was continued until the 31st day of December. The dispute was finally settled by the Anglo-French Convention of the 8th April, 1904, in connection with other outstanding questions between the two countries. Under that Convention, France renounced the privileges under Art. xiii of the Treaty of Utrecht (see Cd. 1952). The arrangement has been of great benefit to the Colony, since it removed an obstruction to local development, to mining and other industrial enterprises, over some two-fifths of the whole coast line.

Industries.

The industries of the island are fishing, agriculture,

mining, lumbering, and manufacturing. The fisheries are of course confined to the sea coast as are also most of the agricultural operations. Mining is at present centred at Buchans, Red Indian Lake, in the interior of the island, and at Bell Island, in Conception Bay. Lumbering is carried on in wooded regions in the interior and near the sea coast, and paper making is located at Grand Falls and Bishop's Falls, in the interior, and at Corner Brook, on the shore of Bay

of Islands.

Copper has been worked for export at Tilt Cove, Little Bay, and Betts Cove, on the N.E. Coast, and at York Harbour, on the W. Coast; iron pyrites at Pilley's Island and Baie Verte, on the N.E. Coast; and asbestos in the interior from Port-au-Port, on the W. Coast. Immense beds of hematite iron ore

have been laid bare at Bell Island, and large quantities are being exported. Buchan's Mine, Red Indian Lake, in the interior, has proved to be one of the greatest mineral discoveries of recent years. The ore is complex, containing zinc, lead, copper, silver and gold. Many millions of tons of ore are in sight giving values of approximately $35 per ton. The mine is in the producing stage and concentrates are shipped regularly to the smelting plants of the American Smelting and Refining Company. Promis. ing areas are held by the Porcupine Goldfields, Ltd., in the same locality, and ore similar to that of Buchan's has been discovered on their holdings. Large areas in this neighbourhood are being investigated by other companies drawn to Newfoundland through the widespread interest created by the Buchan's discovery.

There are good signs of the revival of the copper industry. Successful operations at Great Gull Lake would help to bring about the reopening of Tilt Cove and other mines in Notre Dame Bay.

An examination of the gold bearing areas was made during the summers of 1934 and 1935 and reports have been issued by the Department of Natural Resources.

Other deposits, metallic and non-metallic, are chromite, molybdenite, limestone, slate, gypsum, coal, oil shale, cement rock, marble, and building stone.

The establishment of large and well-equipped paper mills at Grand Falls, in the interior, by the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company, has opened up a very large industry. The paper and paper pulp is shipped to the United Kingdom and used in the principal London printing offices. model town has been laid out which is well lighted,

A

The Albert Reed Company, of London, have completed a large pulp mill at Bishop's Falls, about nine miles from Grand Falls, where pulp is being manufactured for English mills. This company have also installed machinery for the manufacture of paper. At Lomond, in Bonne Bay, on the West Coast, the St. Lawrence Lumber and Pulp Co. are erecting

large mills for the manufacture of lumber and pulp.

The Mill at Bishop's Falls has since been acquired by the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company, Falls and used in the manufacture of newsprint. and the pulp produced there is pumped to Grand the Newfoundland Power and Paper Co., Ltd., with The Humber development scheme, launched by the full sanction of the Newfoundland Government, was designed to utilize water power capable of developing hydro-electric energy of 250,000 horse power, and to involve the employment of more than 1,500 people, and the making of a new town at Corner of the Island. The mills were to have a producing Brook of about 7,000 people in the western portion from the power required for the mills, a surplus was capacity of 400 tons of finished paper daily. Apart estimated sufficient for all local or domestic purposes mining areas in that part. on the whole of the west coast, and also for the large

The scheme received support from both the British and Newfoundland Governments, the British Government guaranteeing £2,000,000 under the Trade Facilities Act. Early in 1927 it became known that this enterprise was in financial difficulties and that its owners were trying to dispose of it. Eventually they interested the International Paper Company of New York, one of the largest American paper-making companies, which in turn effected an agreement with the Newfoundland Government, ratified by the Legislature in September, 1927, whereby the International acquired the enterprise, and undertook its enlargement, under certain concessions from the Colony.

The maximum capacity of the mill is 600 tons newsprint per diem. The output at the present time is about 500 tons per diem.

The cod fishery is the staple industry, and after this in importance rank the fisheries for salmon, seal, herring and lobster. Haddock is taken in substantial quantities. The cod appears off the coast early in May, and the fishery extends north for over 1,000 miles, including the coast of Labrador, the grounds consumption is estimated at about 100,000 quintals varying in depth from 50 to 600 feet. The home and the export in 1936-37 was 965,699 cwts. valued at $4,189,734; 30 bank cod go, on an average, to one quintal. A fair average of fish (general run) per quintal would be 80. The export is mainly to Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Italy, Greece, the British West Indies, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

The chief imports are flour, textiles, woollens and cottons, hardware, cutlery, salt pork, molasses, butter, and salt. These are obtained mainly from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Currency and Banking.

Branch banks of the Bank of Montreal, Bank of Nova Scotia, Royal Bank of Canada, and Canadian Bank of Commerce have been opened in St. John's