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German language is recognized for purposes of desert wastes just north of the Orange River and in official correspondence.

Population.

The European population, according to the figures of the 1921 census, was 19,432, and the native population about 218,000. As large areas of the country, particularly along the coast and in the North, are uncivilised, it has been impossible to procure precise figures. In particular it has been difficult to estimate the numbers of the Bushmen, who still exist in considerable tribes in the North-Eastern portion of the country.

It is estimated that of the 19,432 European inhabitants in 1921 some 7,850 were Germans. The remainder were almost all South Africans, and farmers by occupation.

According to the census, the population of the Territory in 1936 was: European males, 16,564; females, 14,113; persons, 30,677; non-European males, 160,899; females, 166,211; persons, 327,110. Total all races, 357,787.

The principal native races of South West Africa are the Ovambos, Hereros, Bergdamaras or Klipkaffirs, Hottentots, and Bushmen.

The Ovambos are a Bantu race, and follow agriculture as a pursuit. They still possess to its full extent tribal organisation, but have given practically no trouble since the Union occupation of the country. The Germans in pre-war times exercised no authority whatever over them, and never entered their territory. The Hereros are a pastoral people who formerly owned enormous herds of cattle. The Germans in dealing with these people pursued a policy of oppression, with the result that in 1904 they rebelled, and 75 per cent. of them were destroyed. Their tribal organisation has completely disap. peared, and they are now scattered throughout the country on farms and in the different towns, where they form the ordinary source of labour.

Owing to the fact that formerly tribal organisation was based on the ownership of cattle, and that they have consequently for generations been familiar with cattle and their ways, the Herero makes an excellent herd. It is not an unusual thing for a member of this race to have charge of, say, 3,000 head, and to know each one individually. Since the Union occupation of the country reserves have been set aside for the Hereros, who have increased considerably in numbers and in animal wealth.

The Bergdamaras are, it is believed, also of Bantu origin, though some authorities hold that they belong rather to the Hottentot race, whose

language they now speak. They are an inferior tribe, and were alternatively the slaves of the Hereros and the Hottentots in pre-European days, as the former or the latter prevailed in the constant struggles that were going on between them.

The Hottentots, so called, consist of two distinct sections, one of which, whose remnants are found in the central portions of the country, is of pure native extraction, the source of which is but little understood, while the other is composed of tribes which have resulted from an admixture of European blood in the Cape with the Hottentot races residing there a couple of centuries ago, and which after conflict with their European neighbours sought refuge across the Orange river in this country.

The Bushmen are the oldest inhabitants of South West Africa, and are to be found in considerable numbers in its eastern portion from Lat. 26° right away to the Northern boundary. There are also remnants of a bushmen tribe in the

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the Kaokofeld, in the North North-Western portion of the country. These may be of the Strandlooper" type.

Situated in the centre of the country just South of the Windhoek District is the Bastard Gebiet, occupied by a semi-independent race known as the Bastards, whose origin is much the same as the second class of Hottentots mentioned above, with the difference that the admixture of European blood is much greater, and that their ordinary language is Cape Dutch. The estimated number of Bastards in the Gebiet is 7,538. These people used to control their own affairs to a very large extent, and were governed by a Raad (Council) which is partly hereditary and partly elected. The Administration is represented by a magistrate, who assists them with advice, and takes cognisance of serious crimes. But in 1924 owing to political dissension a deadlock was reached. The Administration, therefore, by Proclamation declared that the Raad ceased to function and vested all its powers and duties in the Magistrate.

Education.

(European.) There were in 1937 60 schools under the Administration with an enrolment of 5,162 pupils. In addition there were 26 registered private schools with an enrolment of 790 pupils. Hostels are conducted by the Administration in conjunction with 38 of the government schools. In view of the scattered nature of the population it is difficult and expensive to bring a sufficient number of children together to establish a Government school. The Administration therefore pays capitation grants for pupils attending approved private schools in localities where no provision for education exists.

(Coloured.) The Coloured people (people of mixed European and native parentage) are provided for in

12 schools with an enrolment of 821 scholars.

Government Native School has been established.

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(Native.) The education of the natives is mainly under the direct supervision of the various Missions. In Ovamboland it is mainly in the hands of the Finnish Mission, whilst the Rhenish and Catholic Missions operate in Namaland and Damaraland. The Wesleyan and the Anglican Churches are also taking an active interest in this work. There are 71 government-aided mission schools with an enrolment of 4,036 pupils. In addition there are mission schools in different parts of the country that have not yet qualified for government aid. There are two training schools for native teachers. Both are subsidized by the Administration. The one Okahandja is under the aegis of the Rhenish Mission

and the one at Döbra under the Catholic Mission.

Religious Organizations.

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Mission and other religious activities are being carried on within the Territory by various organizations, such as the Dutch Reformed Church, Church of England, Wesleyan Methodist Church, Finnish Mission, Roman Catholic Church, German Lutheran Church, Rhenish Mission, etc.

Finance.

For the financial year 1937-38 the revenue amounted to 1,013,4121. and the expenditure to 754,604., of which 56,958. is loan expenditure. The estimates for the year 1938-39 were Revenue 704,000l. and Expenditure 794,2231.

Customs.

For the purposes of customs and excise revenue this territory is included in the customs union.

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Includes premium on gold specie.

Mineral Production.

The development of the mineral industry has come about largely within the past 25 years, and the territory may be said to be well mineralised, but chiefly owing to natural drawbacks, such as scarcity of water and fuel, distance from rail, etc., sufficient useful exploratory work has not been done in many parts to permit of any definite assessment of future production. During the calendar year 1935, minerals constituted 33.8% of the total value of exports from the Territory.

Diamonds, which constitute the principal mineral product, are recovered from alluvial sources on a 300 mile stretch along the coast line from the Orange River northward. The industry has been placed on a sound footing and large sums have been invested in up-to-date plant, etc. Production and export must, to some extent, of necessity, vary with the requirements of the market.

Export of diamonds in 1937:-184,863.50 carats, valued at 1,100,4927.

Next in importance are Copper-lead ore, Vanadium and Tin. Output and export have in like manner varied with market conditions.

Value of export of Copper, Vanadium, and Tin in 1937-Copper-lead ore, 213,619. Vanadium (as concentrates), 199,017.; Tin (as concentrates), 36,4821.

Stock and Agriculture.

Rainfall varies from 25 inches in the north to three inches in the south, and it is, therefore, only in the former area that agriculture is practised to any extent. Here crops are grown, the chief of which is maize.

As regards stock farming, speaking generally the southern portion of the Territory is suitable for small stock farming, the middle and southern north for large and small stock, and the north for large stock and dairying.

As regards large stock, the "semi-ranching" or as it is also known "dairy ranching" system would appear to be the most suitable outside of the northern area. The principle of this system is the taking of a limited quantity of milk from the cow with the idea of getting a certain amount of revenue for current expenses, but leaving at the same time a supply sufficient to ensure the development of the calf into a good slaughter animal.

As regards small stock, sheep are bred for the production of mutton (Blackhead Persian and Afri. kander), wool (Merinos), and pelts (Karakuls).

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Owing to the financial depression it became necessary to suspend active land settlement operations in the territory over a period of years. Land settlement has now been resumed and some 200 farms have been advertised for allotment. Each lease issued to a settler runs for a period of five years and carries with it an option to purchase the holding at any time during that period, provided certain conditions have been complied with. On the option having been exercised the purchase price of the farm becomes payable over a period of 30 years in sixty half-yearly instalments. On the payment of the full purchase price of the farm, a Crown Grant or free title is issued, provided all the conditions under the lease have been complied with. When funds are available financial assistance for the purchase of stock and permanent improvements on settlers' holdings may be rendered.

Harbours.

Walvis Bay.-Prior to the 1914-18 war Swakopmund and Luderitz were used as ports of entry to the territory (now South West Africa Mandated Territory). After the military occupation, however, Swakopmund was abandoned in favour of Walvis Bay, which is a sheltered port, affording safe anchorage, and is connected by rail via Swakopmund with South West Africa and Union Stations. A new wharf and basin, together with a channel leading thereto, were completed in 1927. The wharf is 1,500 feet long with a depth alongside of 31 feet L.W.O.S.T., which depth extends for 100 feet into the basin. Electric cranes are installed on the wharf, also an adequate fresh water service. The basin is 2,150 feet long by 700 feet wide, with a depth of 30 feet L.W.O.S.T. A depth of 29 feet is maintained throughout the channel, which is 3,000 feet wide at the entrance, narrowing to 440 feet, and again widening as it approaches the basin to 1.200 feet. The South West Imperial Cold Storage Company, Ltd., has erected cold storage works and abattoirs alongside the new wharf.

Luderitz.-At Luderitz there are two jetties, one of reinforced concrete, 492 feet long, and the other of wood, 564 feet long. Two 7-ton steam and two 4-ton electric cranes are erected on the former.

Conveyance of cargo to and from the shore is effected by lighters, of which there are seven of an aggregate capacity of 940 tons.

Railways.

The Mandated Territory is served by a main line connecting with the Union system at De Aar.

Branch lines extend from the main route, viz., Windhoek to Gobabis, Seeheim to Luderitz, and a narrow gauge system from Usakos to Tsumeb, Grootfontein and Outjo, the total mileage within South West Africa being 1,486 (1,133 standard gauge and 353 narrow gauge).

A comfortable mail train service, with sleeping accommodation and dining-car service, is run twice

a week between the Union and South West Africa with connection to Luderitz, Gobabis, Tsumeb and Grootfontein, the duration of the journey between Windhoek and Cape Town and between Windhoek and Johannesburg being approximately 63 hours. Cattle Industry.-The territory is essentially a stock-raising country, and to assist farmers livestock trains are run through from Windhoek to Upington (624 miles) and De Aar (882 miles) where the stock is detrained, fed, watered, and rested, and thereafter trucked to destination which is generally to Maitland for Cape Town or Newtown for Johannesburg.

Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones.-Excellent postal, telegraph and telephone services exist. Telegraphic communication beyond the borders of South West Africa is maintained via the Union of South Africa. The wireless telegraph station at Walvis Bay is equipped with the latest short and long wave transmission and receiving gear, capable of maintaining two-way communication between South African and European ports and ship stations en route. The number of Post Offices is 101 and of Telegraph Offices 80. The number and value of money orders and postal orders issued and paid during 1936-37 was respectively:

Money Orders issued 43,793 value 193,6861.

Government Staff.

The following is a list of the principal Officers
of the Administration:-
Administrator, Dr. The Hon. D. G. Conradie.
Secretary for South West Africa and Chief Native
Commissioner, F. P. Courtney Clarke.
Asst. Secretary for South West Africa, J. Neser.
System Manager, South African Railways and
Harbours, G. H. Dawson.

Medical Officer to the Administration, B. Viviers, M.B.,
Ch.B., B.A.O., D.P.H.
Surveyor-General, A. C. Parry.

Director of Posts and Telegraphs, W. W. Williams.
Director of Works, D. Holtzhausen.
Director of Education, W. Orban, M.A.
Registrar of Deeds, H. W. S. Birch.
Senior Veterinary Surgeon, J. G. Williams, M.R.C.V.S.
Manager of the Land and Agricultural Bank of
South West Africa, J. G. von Backstrom.

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paid 23,750

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issued 114,088

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paid 56,578

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146,7521.
50,8981.
25,4971.

Savings Bank Accounts open at 31/3/38. numbered 11,410 and the balance due to depositors was 358,5851.*

The postal, telegraph and telephone revenue amounted to 89,2971. and expenditure to 59,0844.

The names of the elected members of the Legislative Assembly (1938), together with the names of the electoral divisions which they represent, are given hereunder :

Electoral Division.

Gibeon

Gobabis
Grootfontein.
Keetmanshoop
Luderitz

Okahandja
Otjiwarongo

Stampriet.
Swakopmund
Warmbad.
Windhoek Central
Windhoek District

Name of Member.
Cdt. J. C. Jooste.
L. C. F. Taljaard.
W. B. Volkmann.
M. E. Oliff.

Dr. H. B. K. Hirsekorn.
L. J. B. van Aardt.
Cdt. L. J. F. von Maltitz,
M.C.

H. P. van der Westhuizen.

BASUTOLAND, BECHUAN ALAND PROTECTORATE, AND SWAZILAND. THE OFFICE OF HIGH COMMISSIONER.

Commission of 1846 which appointed the Governor The office of High Commissioner originated in the of Cape Colony "High Commissioner for the settling and adjustment of the affairs of the territories in Southern Africa adjacent or contiguous to the eastern and north-eastern frontier of the said Colony." The title of the post, after some modifi. cation, subsequently became "High Commissioner for South Africa." The High Commissioner was until 1899 charged with the conduct of British relations with the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, as well as with native States and tribes outside the Colonies of the Cape and Natal, and also with Swaziland, which was administered by the Government of the South African Republic, under the Convention of 1894. He is to-day Governor of Basutoland, and administers the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland.

Prior to the 1st October, 1923, Southern Rhodesia was administered by the British South Africa Company, and the High Commissioner exercised certain powers of control under the Southern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1898. Upon the establishment of responsible Government the Order Lt. Col. J. L. Hamman, in Council of 1898 lapsed, but under the Southern

J. D. Lardner Burke.

C. H. B. Oberholzer.

N. C. Fraser.

D.S.O.

The following persons have been appointed to be the nominated members of the Legislative Assembly:

C. P. Bond, D. W. F. E. Ballot, Cdt. J. C. Balt,
H. Hörlein, J. C. T. Meinert, T. F. L. Woker.
Clerk of the Assembly, K. W. Schreve.

Savings Bank Certificates of a value of £50 are also issued. The balance due to holders as at 31/3/1938 amounted to 98.7001. with an accrued interest of 1,5101. at 31/3/1938.

Rhodesia Constitution Letters Patent certain of the High Commissioner's previous powers and functions him. In 1937 the High Commissioner's powers in in regard to native administration were reserved to regard to Southern Rhodesia were terminated by the Southern Rhodesia Constitution (Amendment)

Letters Patent.

The office of High Commissioner, which was formerly held by the Governor of Cape Colony, was, by a Commission dated the 6th Oct., 1900, vested in Lord Milner, and by a similar Commission, dated the 15th March, 1905, in Lord Selborne.

From 1910 to 1930 the office was vested, by separate Commission, in the successive Governors-General of the Union of South Africa; in 1930 H.M.G. in the U.K. decided to establish the post of High Commissioner for the U.K. in the Union of South Africa and to combine this post with that of High Commissioner for South Africa. The title of High Commissioner for South Africa" was changed upon the appointment of Sir W. H. Clark, K.C.S.I., K.C.M.G. (now G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I.), to be His Majesty's High Commissioner for Basutoland, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and Swaziland.

Sir W. Clark also holds the post of High Commissioner for the United Kingdom.

High Commissioner and Staff. High Commissioner, Sir William Henry Clark, G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., 2,500l. plus 2,500l. representation allowance, plus 1,000l. allowance as High Commissioner of the High Commission Territories (see also under “Union "). Private Secretary, E. H. Ashton. Administrative Secretary, H. E. Priestman, C.M.G., 1,2001. by 50l. to 1,500l.

Asst. Administrative Secretary, H. L. Smith, O.B.E.
Asst. Secretary, R. B. M. Sullivan.
Clerical Staff, H. E. Houghton, M.B.E., Miss J.
MacKintosh, Miss P. N. T. McNeight, Miss J.
Keller, Miss M. Anderson, Miss M. Walsh, Miss E.
J. Masterman.

Legal Adviser, Sir Walter Huggard, K.C.
Asst. Adviser, Major E. R. Roper, D.S.O., K.C.
Auditor, R. E. Goodman, C.B.E.
Clerk to Auditor, Miss T. O'Dowd.

BASUTOLAND.

Situation and Description.

Basutoland forms an irregular oval bounded by the Union of South Africa; the main axis, about 150 miles in length, lying in a north-easterly direction. The Orange Free State Province, Natal and the Cape Province form its boundaries. Its area is 11,716 square miles, or nearly as large as Belgium.

It lies between 29 and 30 degrees south latitude and between 27 and 28 degrees east longitude.

A portion of the great Drakensberg range of mountains lies within the eastern boundary. Peaks in this range rise to heights of eleven and twelve thousand feet. Westward are the Malutis, mountains inferior in height to the Drakensberg. They form a broken mass so closely packed that the valleys are of the narrowest, and there is little ground which can be cultivated. It is only along the Western border that mountains give place to hills and the cultivation of larger portions of land becomes possible.

The climate is dry and bracing with extremes of heat and cold both seasonal and diurnal. High altitude, electric tension and long periods of strong sunshine without clouds or rain necessitate for European residents periodic changes to the more humid atmosphere at coast level.

Population and Industry.

In 1875, when Basutoland formed part of the Cape Colony, at the general census of the Colony taken in that year, the European population of Basutoland was 499, and the native 127,707.

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There were 101,273 Basuto, male and female, absent from the Territory in temporary employment in gold mines, on farms and in other occupations in the Union of South Africa at the time of the census. The country is a native territory and the European residents consist of Government officials, traders, missionaries and a few artisans.

Maseru, the capital and largest town, has a popu. lation of 3,000 Natives and 331 Europeans.

The economic life of the Basuto depends chiefly on agriculture and animal husbandry; land is entirely in the hands of the Natives and is held under communal tenure.

The chief crops are maize, sorghum and wheat, of which it is estimated that 1,135,983, 297,117 and 383,645 bags respectively were produced in 1937; barley, oats, beans, peas and other vegetables are also grown. It is calculated that 10 per cent. of the country is under the plough.

Natural advantages permit of the production of wool of the finest class, and it is the aim of the Government to improve the breed of sheep and the quality of wool produced. In 1937 5,445,000 lbs. of wool was exported to the Union valued at about 200,000l. In 1937 there were 1,695,325 sheep and goats, 418,921 head of cattle and 108,851 equines in the country, which is no longer overstocked owing to the toll taken of livestock by the drought in 1933.

Soil erosion, which is a serious problem in this territory as well as in other parts of South Africa, has been vigorously tackled during the last two years with great success. In 1936 the Colonial Development Fund granted Basutoland 160,2331. for this purpose. Up to the end of 1937, 8,316 acres had been reclaimed, 858,831 yards of contour banks constructed, and 29 dams built. The improvement in the pasturage over these areas is remarkable. Experimental work has been in progress since 1934.

No minerals are known to exist in Basutoland excepting small outcrops of coal, and as yet there has been no mineralogical survey. No mining is carried on nor is there any industrial activity.

History.

The Basutos appear to have been composed of the remnants of several tribes which were broken up in the wars waged by Moselikatze, the king of the Matabele, in the early years of the last century. These remnants were united in about 1818 under Moshesh, a chief of great ability, who ruled for many years.

In 1852 war broke out between Moshesh and the British Government; a few years later, in 1856, disputes arose between Moshesh and the Orange Free State respecting boundary questions, and hostilities resulted which lasted from 1856 to 1858, with indecisive results, and were concluded by the Treaty of Aliwal, 1858, but collisions frequently recurred.

In 1865 the war broke out afresh, and Moshesh again claimed the protection of the Governor, Sir Philip Wodehouse. He declined to interpose actively, but despatched a British Commissioner to Thaba Bosiu, the capital of Basutoland, to settle the difficulties. This measure met with

little success, and in the end the Boers were successful, and Moshesh sued for peace. At the treaty of Thaba Bosiu, April, 1866, he recognised the permanent cession of a portion of his district and acknowledged himself a subject of the Orange Free State.

The peace was of short duration, the war was renewed, and the Basuto, pressed by the Boers, were on the brink of destruction, when they again appealed to be taken under the authority of the Queen, and in 1868, Sir Philip Wodehouse received authority to recognise Moshesh and his tribe as British subjects, and for the incorporation of their territory. This was carried into effect by a proclamation dated March 12th, 1868.

The country remained in a very unsettled condition, until it was annexed to the Cape, by an Act of the Cape Legislature, No. 12 of 1871. The Act expressly declared that Basutoland was not to be subject to the general law of the Colony, and gave the Governor power to legislate for it by proclamation, and to extend to it by proclamation any Cape Act not otherwise in force therein.

The subsequent history of Basutoland was one of much trouble and disturbance.

In March, 1879, Moirosi, the chief of the Quthing district, in the south-east of Basutoland, rescued from justice his son Doda, who had been arrested for horse-stealing; and, on the Colonial authorities demanding his surrender, broke out into open defiance of its authority. Owing to the great natural strength of his country and stronghold, considerable difficulty was experienced in subduing him; but in December of that year his strong hold was carried by storm, and he himself fell in the assault. The proposals of the Colonial Government to divide the territory occupied by the adherents of this chief into lots for occupation by European settlers gave rise to great discontent among the Basuto who had remained loyal. This discontent was further increased by the extension of the Cape Peace Preservation Act of 1878, providing for a general disarmament, to Basutoland by proclamation in April, 1880, and culminated in the revolt of almost the whole tribe when an attempt was made to put the Act in force. The rebellion spread to the native territories east and south of Basutoland, East Griqualand, Tambookieland, and the Pondomisi, where the rising was signalised by the treacherous murder of Mr. Hope, the magistrate, and other Europeans.

Strenuous efforts were made by the Colony to reduce the Basuto to submission by force of arms, but without decisive success, though the loss of their cattle, and the interruption of cultivation, caused great distress amongst them. Early in 1881 overtures for an arrangement were made by the leading chiefs, and, at the instance of Her Majesty's Government, the High Commissioner acted as arbiter between the Colonial Government and the Basuto.

The terms of his award were, the registration of arms, the payment of compensation to those natives who had remained loyal by the tribe, and also the payment of a fine of 5,000 head of cattle. The award was accepted by the Basuto and the fine paid, but little was done towards fulfilling the other conditions. The Colonial Ministry, with a view to facilitate a settlement, cancelled the award and induced the Cape Parliament to assume the burden of compensating the loyal natives. The Disarmament Proclamation was also repealed, and at a Pitso held on the 24th of April, 1883, a very liberal constitution was offered to the Basuto.

Masupha, however, the chief of the Berea district, with several other chiefs of influence, held aloof, and practically declared their intention to have no further connection with the Colonial Government, and the tribe generally were understood to wish to be under the direct authority of the Imperial Government. In the meantime a strong feeling in favour of the entire abandonment of Basutoland had grown up in the Colony, and on the request of the Colonial Ministry the Imperial Government decided to undertake for a time the administration of the country on condition that satisfactory evidence was given by the Basuto of their desire to remain under the British Crown, that the Orange Free State should undertake to cause the frontier to be respected by its subjects, and that the Colony should pay over towards the cost of administration the Customs duties received on goods imported into Basutoland. This offer was accepted by the Colony, and provision was made in the Basutoland Disannexation Act of 1883 for the payment of 20,000l. a year, and the Free State also intimated its willingness to comply

with the conditions so far as it was concerned.

A great national Pitso of the Basuto was held on the 29th of November, 1883, attended by the representatives of more than two-thirds of the whole tribe, who unanimously expressed their willingness to comply with the conditions on which the Imperial Government was prepared of the country. Several important chiefs who to assume the responsibility of the administration were not at the Pitso subsequently expressed their concurrence in this resolution, Masupha alone refusing to accept the offers of the Government, and desiring to remain independent. Her Majesty's Government upon this decided that their conditions were sufficiently complied with, advised and immediately took steps for carrying on the the Queen to sanction the Disannexation Act, government under the immediate authority of the Crown, from the 13th March, 1884. Masupha tendered his submission in 1886, and asked for a magistrate to be resident in his district.

Constitution.

The territory is governed by a Resident Commissioner under the direction of the High Commissioner for Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, and Swaziland, the latter possessing legislative authority, which is exercised by proclamation.

The chiefs adjudicate on cases between natives, Commissioners where all cases between natives with a right of appeal to the Courts of District and Europeans are brought. There is a Court of the Resident Commissioner, presided over by the Resident Commissioner in person or by a Judicial Commissioner appointed by the High Commissioner by notice in the Gazette, which has jurisdiction in all cases, civil and criminal, subject to a right of appeal in certain civil cases

to the Privy Council.

into 7 districts namely, Maseru, Leribe, Mohale's For administrative purposes the country is divided Hoek, Berea, Mafeteng, Quthing, and Qacha's Nek. The districts of Leribe and Qacha's Nek include the sub-districts of Butha Buthe and Mokhotlong separately.

The main sources of revenue are: native tax, customs, income tax, poll tax, licences and wool export duty.

Education.

Education is mainly in the hands of missionaries, who co-operate with the Administration in the control of those mission schools which receive Government

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