A coastal radio-telegraph station at Takoradi transmits radio-telegrams at 9d. per word. The Cable and Wireless Ltd. transmit messages by cable to any part of the world from Accra.

Education.

Education in the Gold Coast has hitherto largely been, and is now to a still greater extent, aided and controlled by Government, and all schools are open to inspection by officers of the Education Department. All teachers are registered, and are paid according to an incrementally graded salary scale.

Apart from a large number of non-aided primary schools, there are twenty-five Government schools and 427 Assisted schools in the Colony, Ashanti, and the Northern Territories. The latest figures show that these Government and Assisted Primary Schools have an enrolment of 58,038 pupils, of whom 14,318 are girls. The largest of the Missions working in these territories is the Presbyterian Church with 107 Assisted Schools, followed next in order of size by the Ewe Presbyterian Church with 86 Assisted Schools.

Native Administration schools, the expenditure of which is defrayed partly by Government and partly by the Native Administrations, have been established in the Northern Territories at Bawku, Lawra, Wa, Gambaga, Sandema, Kpembe and Yendi. The total number of pupils in these schools in 1937 was 508, of whom 25 were girls.

In addition to the Government Primary Schools there are the Accra Government Technical School and three Middle Boarding Schools in different parts of the country. These are all boarding institutions established by Government. The Technical School gives a secondary-vocational course (practical and theoretical) in engineering and woodwork, and the Middle Boarding Schools provide an elementary education with a pre-vocational bias.

There are also training schools controlled by the departments concerned, e.g., Agriculture and Forestry, and Animal Health, where pupils are boarded and trained, being paid a salary while undergoing instruction.

Teachers intended for Government service and certain others receive tuition in the Training Department of the Prince of Wales' College, Achimota.

Teachers are also trained at Wesley College, Kumasi, the Presbyterian Training College at Akropong, Akwapim, and the Roman Catholic Training College at Cape Coast.

The training of female teachers, under conditions of grant similar to those applying to male students at the Mission Colleges, has been started in recent years by the Scottish, English Church, Methodist, Roman Catholic and Basel Missions.

There are three residential Secondary Schools at Cape Coast, one being under Methodist Mission, one under English Church Mission and the third under the Roman Catholic Mission.

The Roman Catholic, English Church, Methodist, Presbyterian and Basel Missions each have residential Girls' Schools in which literary and domestic training is given.

The Prince of Wales' College, Achimota, near Accra, which was opened in January, 1927, is a boarding school open to pupils of all nationalities and religions. A complete course of instruction for boys and girls from the kindergarten stage up to the standard of the London University Intermediate Examination, and, in engineering, to the Degree Examination, is provided.

The College is administered by a Council consisting partly of elected and partly of nominated members. It is subsidized by Government.

Currency and Banking.

Prior to 1912 and 1913 the currency consisted chiefly of British gold (comparatively rare), silver and copper. In 1912, subsidiary nickel-bronze coins (ld., d. and d. pieces) were introduced, and in 1913 a special silver currency common to all the British West African Colonies of the same weight and fineness as the corresponding British coins. The coins issued are 2s., ls., 6d. and 3d. pieces. Owing to the great increase in the demand for currency and the difficulties in obtaining adequate supplies, it was found necessary in 1915 to make British Treasury Notes legal tender, and in 1916 special West African Currency Notes were introduced. 20s. and 108. Notes are the only values now in circulation, 5l., 2s. and 18. Notes having been withdrawn. In 1920 owing to the rapid disappearance of silver coins, an alloy coinage was introduced of the same denominations as the silver coins and silver has now practically been withdrawn from circulation. The special West Africa silver and alloy currency and the West African Currency Notes are under the management of the West African Currency Board and are secured by sterling securities held by the Board. Current British gold and silver coins, West Africa Currency silver and alloy coins, West African Currency Notes, and West Africa nickel-bronze coins are all legal tender.

The Bank of British West Africa, Limited, opened at Accra on the 1st January, 1897, and now has branches at all the principal business centres in the Colony.

The Colonial Bank, now Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas), began business at Accra in 1917, and branches have now been opened at other centres. Both Banks have a savings department. In 1888, a Government Savings Bank was established which is now under Post Office management. On 31st March, 1937, the amount to the credit of depositors was 277,6821.

Accounts are kept in sterling.

Population.

The first attempt to take a census was made in 1891, which, however, covered the Colony only. Since then a census has been made at ten-year intervals, viz. :—1901, 1911, 1921 and 1931. Except in 1901, the whole of Ashanti and the Northern Territories have been included. In a country such as the Gold Coast, imperfect communications and lack of education make the holding of a complete census a matter of great difficulty and even now the figures cannot be considered absolutely accurate.

At the mid-year 1936, the population of the Gold Coast was estimated at 3,617,126, as follows:Resident Resident MariAfricans. Non-Africans. time. 172

Colony

Ashanti

1,780,969 2,304

68,846 0.42

*Kola Nuts

11,123 cental of 100 lbs. 4,225

The first in value of imports in 1937 was cotton manufactured piece goods, provision (all kinds), machinery, iron and steel manufactures, commercial vehicles (including omnibuses, ambulances, tractors and chassis) and private cars (including cabs), apparel (all kinds), artificial silk piece goods, tobacco (all kinds), motor spirit, potable spirits, cement, medicines and drugs, electrical and telegraphic apparatus, fuel oil, rubber tyres for vehicles, produce bags and sacks, beer and ale, stout and porter, beads and illuminating oil.

The following tables give particulars of the total values and the percentages of (1) Import and (2) Export (including re-export) trade of the Gold Coast according to countries for the year 1937 :

(1) IMPORTS.

Countries of Origin.

Other Foreign Countries

Total Foreign Countries

..

.16,218,193 100

The

GRAND TOTAL The Customs Tariff is non-preferential. principal cotton manufactures, artificial silk piece goods, alcoholic liquors, tobacco, timber, certain articles of apparel, soap, petrol and kerosene, and a number of other articles are liable to specific duties.

All other articles, unless specifically exempted, are liable to an ad valorem duty of 20 per cent. except newsprint which is dutiable at 10 per cent. The following articles of Japanese origin pay additional duties, viz., cement, corrugated iron sheets, paints and colours, paint oils, polishes and varnishes, cardigans, jerseys, and pullovers, shirts, and singlets. NOTE. The duty on milk, cordage and twine, and sugar was removed from the 16th March, 1937.

BRITISH EMPIRE.

£

United Kingdom

12,593,772

British West Africa

Other British Possessions

218,531 564,669

1,362,452 7.09 1,088,015 5-66 559,650 2.91 502,652 2.61 415,762 2.16 376,083 1.96 1-74 334,782 209,590 1.09 194,830 1-01 105,473 0.55 102,205 0.53 599,897 3.12

5,851,391 30-43 19,228,363 100

ASHANTI.

Ashanti is inhabited by a large number of confederated tribes, the principal of which are the Mampongs, Juabens, Bekwais, Adansis, Kokofus, Nsutas, Offinsus, Kumawus, Ejisus and Agonas. Each tribe has its own Head Chief, but from time immemorial the King of Kumasi was recognised as the King paramount of the Confederation.

In 1873 the King of Ashanti invaded the British Protectorate with a large army, and reached Elmina, where he was entirely defeated by the British forces under Colonel (afterwards Sir) Francis Festing. Later in the year Captain (afterwards Sir) John Glover was sent to the eastern districts of the Protectorate to organise the tribes in that quarter, for a flank movement against the Ashanti territory. At the same time Sir Garnet (afterwards Viscount) Wolseley was despatched to the Gold Coast, with British and West Indian troops, native levies, and some seamen and marines, to operate against the Ashantis, starting from Cape Coast. On the 31st of January, 1874, he came into general engagement with the enemy at Amoaful, where he drove them from their position after desperate resistance. The next four days were employed continuously in fighting, until, on the evening of the 4th of February, the British force entered Kumasi. The King had fled to the bush. A few days later Sir John Glover also reached Kumasi. On the 13th, messengers sent

by the King concluded a peace with Sir Garnet Wolseley at Fomena, which was afterwards signed with a pencil cross by King Kofi. By the Treaty of Fomena, the King of Ashanti renounced all claims on the claims on the Protectorate, promised to protect traders, to abandon human sacrifices, and to pay an indemnity of 50,000 ozs. of gold.

In 1894 Prempeh, who was then King of Kumasi, and had successfully fought against the Nkoranzas, who had revolted against his rule, threatened to attack the Atebubus. This attack was averted by the despatch of a force under Sir Francis Scott, and an ultimatum was then sent to Prempeh warning him not to enter British territory, and suggesting that he should acquiesce in the establishment of a Residency at Kumasi. No definite reply to this suggestion could be obtained, and a military expedition accordingly proceeded to Kumasi, to compel compliance with the demands of Her Majesty's Government. The expedition, under the command of Sir Francis Scott, entered Kumasi without resistance, January, 1896. Prempeh made submission, but, failing to comply with the terms dictated, was brought to the coast as a political prisoner and lodged in Elmina Castle, whence he was eventually deported to the Seychelles. A Resident was at the same time installed at Kumasi, and thus commenced an entirely new departure in the relations of the Gold Coast Colony with Ashanti. In 1900 the Governor visited Kumasi, and was there besieged by the Ashantis, the town being closely invested. Provisions ran short, and a part of the garrison, with the Governor, cut their way out; the rest were relieved by Colonel (afterwards Sir J.) Willcocks, commanding the Ashanti Field Force, on 15th July, after severe fighting. The Ashantis were subsequently thoroughly routed at Abuosu.

An Order of the King in Council, dated September 26th, 1901, defined the boundaries of Ashanti, annexed it to His Majesty's Dominions, and provided for its administration under the Governor of the Gold Coast. By a subsequent Order in Council of the 22nd of October, 1906, the boundaries between the Colony and Ashanti, and between Ashanti and the Northern Territories were re-adjusted and defined, with due regard to tribal lands and natural features.

Ashanti is administered by a Chief Commissioner with an Assistant Chief Commissioner as relieving Officer.

The dependency is divided into the following Districts, each under a District Commissioner with limited powers of jurisdiction :

Ashanti Akim District.

Bekwai District.

Kumasi District.

Mampong District.

Obuasi District.
Sunyani District.
Wenchi District.

The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was extended to Ashanti in 1935. The former Circuit Judge is now a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of which a Divisional Court has been established at Kumasi. A District Magistrate exercises limited jurisdiction in the town of Kumasi.

The peaceful relations which, under the auspices of the Gold Coast Government, have existed for many years now between the Ashantis and the neighbouring tribes have been signified by not infrequent petitions emanating from the Gold Coast Colony as well as from Ashanti for the return from exile of Prempeh, the former Chief of Kumasi. The confidence felt by the Government of the Gold Coast in the loyalty of the Ashanti people led to the granting of this

request in 1924, and to approval being given in 1926 of his election by his people as Omanhene or Head Chief of the Kumasi tribe.

Prempeh died on the 12th May, 1931 and was succeeded by his nephew (now Sir) Osei Agyiman Prempeh II as Omanhene of Kumasi on the 7th July, 1931, who, on the restoration of the Ashanti Confederacy in 1935, assumed the title of Asantehene.

THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES.

In 1897 the territories to the north of Ashanti were constituted a separate district with the title of "The Northern Territories," and placed in charge of a Commissioner, and a grant-in-aid of the expenditure in the Northern Territories was voted by Parliament.

Major H. P. Northcott was appointed Commissioner and Commandant of these territories, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. The negotiations

between the British and French Governments for the settlement of territorial questions in West Africa, which had been suspended in 1896, were resumed in October, 1897; and on 14th June, 1898, after a period of considerable tension in consequence of the proximity of the British and French forces in the disputed territories, a Convention was signed at Paris with a proviso that it should be ratified within six (subsequently extended to twelve) months. By this Convention the boundary between the Gold Coast and the French Colony of the Ivory Coast, which had only been settled in 1889, as far as the 9th parallel of north latitude, was continued northwards along the course of the Black Volta River to the 11th parallel, and it was then drawn along the 11th parallel with a deflection to the north in the neighbourhood of Mamprusi, until it met the Franco-German boundary of 1897. The effect of the Anglo-French Convention of 14th June, 1898, was to leave Bona, Lobi, and Moshi to France, while Dagati, Wa, Mamprusi, and the southern portion of Grunshi were included in the British sphere.

On 14th November, 1899, an agreement was concluded with Germany for the partition of the "neutral zone." This partition assigned Salaga to Great Britain, and Yendi to Germany, and to the north of the zone gave Mamprusi to the former and Chakosi to the latter.

Survey operations were undertaken by AngloFrench and Anglo-German Commissions during 1901-2, for the delimitation of those portions of the boundaries which had not yet been settled.

By the demarcation on the ground of the AngloGerman boundary between the Trans-Volta District and the adjoining Colony of Togo; of the Anglo-German boundary north of the 9th parallel of north latitude; and of the Anglo-French boundary along the 11th parallel of north latitude, all the frontiers of the Colony, Ashanti and the Northern Territories have now been exactly defined.

Provision was made for the administration of the Northern Territories under the Gold Coast Government by an Order of the King in Council of 26th September, 1901.

The Northern Territories are administered by a Chief Commissioner with an Assistant Chief Commissioner as Relieving Officer. They are divided into the Mamprusi, Wa, Lawra-Tumi, Krachi, Dagomba and Gonja Districts, with headquarters at Gambaga, Wa, Lawra, Krachi, Yendi and Salaga.

The Headquarters of the Protectorate is at Tamale in the Dagomba District, 237 miles north of Kumasi. The Krachi District and portions of the Gonja and Dagomba districts, including Yendi, the Dagomba District headquarters are within the Northern Section of Togoland under British Mandate.

By Order in Council, of the 22nd of October, 1906, the boundaries between the Northern Territories and Ashanti were re-adjusted and defined. An important step was taken with regard to the Government of this Protectorate by replacing, with effect from the 1st of January, 1907, the former semi-military administration by a staff of Civil District and Assistant District Commissioners, and by establishing new stations. Simultaneously, the 2nd Battalion of the Gold Coast Regiment was disbanded and a force of armed constabulary substituted therefor. 1929, the Northern Territories Constabulary was disbanded and their duties taken over by the Gold

Coast Police.

In

The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was extended to the Northern Territories in 1935. The former Circuit Judge, Ashanti, who exercised in the N.T. powers similar to those which he exercised in Ashanti, is now a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court.

TOGOLAND UNDER BRITISH MANDATE. The former German protectorate of Togoland is situated on the Gulf of Guinea, bounded on the east by Dahomey and on the west by the Gold Coast and its Protectorates. The actual coast-line lies between 1° 45' and 1° 14′ W. longitude, the frontiers, however, especially on the west, opening out considerably. The total area is about 36,500

square miles.

Until 1884-85 the majority of the tribes along the littoral and its immediate hinterland, also those adjoining the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast regarded themselves as being under the suzerainty of Great Britain, but by agreements made with the French on the 24th December, 1885, and with the British on the 14th and 28th July, 1886, when provisional frontiers were fixed, German influence was formally recognized by those Powers. Subsequent agreements dated the 23rd July, 1897, and the 14th November, 1899, between Germany and the Governments of France and Great Britain respectively defined the northern frontiers of Togoland.

Immediately upon the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Germany Togoland was invaded by the Gold Coast forces. On the 6th August, 1914, Captain E. B. Barker entered the capital, Lome, under a flag of truce and on the following day that town and the hinterland for a distance of 120 kilometres from the sea were surrendered.

On

this agreement Togoland was provisionally divided into British and French spheres. To the British were allotted the western administrative areas of Lome and Lomeland, Misahohe, Kete-Krachi and Yendi, and to the French Anecho, Atakpame, Sokode and Sansanne Mangu.

By proclamation dated the 30th September, 1914, civil courts were established under the presidency of political officers seconded from the Gold Coast, appeal lying from the district courts to that of a senior political officer. In the absence of a local criminal code, that of the Gold Coast was introduced as a basis of procedure.

In June, 1915, the office of senior political officer was merged in that of the senior military commander, without prejudice, however, to the civil nature of the court concerned.

Boundary adjustments with the French took place in 1920 in accordance with an agreement signed by Lord Milner and M. Simon on 10th July, 1919. Lome and the whole of the coast were given over to the French, and the British received additional territory in the interior. The area of the British sphere is 13,041 square miles.

In October, 1921, the Council of the League of Nations approved in principle the arrangements made between the British and French Governments for the division of Togoland in accordance with the agreement of 10th July, 1919, and the application to the territories of the Mandate system; and on 20th July, 1922, after a delay due to negotiations between the United States Government and the Mandatory Powers, the Council confirmed the mandates and defined their terms. †

Togoland under British Mandate is now administered under the provisions of the British Sphere of Togoland Order in Council, 1923, which was issued on the 11th of October, 1923.

Under this instrument, the British Sphere is divided into the Northern Section and the Southern Section. The Northern Section is administered as if it formed part of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, and the Southern Section is administered as if it formed part of the Eastern Province of the Gold Coast Colony. The Chief Commissioner's Court of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast exercises jurisdiction in the Northern Section; and the Supreme Court of the Gold Coast Colony exercises the jurisdiction in the Southern Section.

Subject to the terms of the Mandate, the law for the time being in force in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast is the law in force in the Northern Section, and the law for the time being in force in the Gold Coast Colony is the law in force in the Southern Section. The Governor of the Gold Coast Colony is empowered to enact Ordinances with respect to the British Sphere as a whole, or with respect to either Section thereof separately. Togoland under British Mendate is not distinguished from the Gold Coast in the statistical returns, but it is beyond question that the revenue which it brings to the Gold Coast is inconsiderable compared with the money expended upon it. It contains no part of the old German railway system, which retains most of the export and import trade of the Southern and richest Section. The towns of Ho and Kpandu are joined to the Gold Coast road system by a road which meets the Volta River at Senchi where there is a power ferry. There is also a direct road from

Yendi to Tamale.

† For text of the British mandate, see Cmd. 1794.

FINANCES.

Gold Coast Statistics.

(excluding Railway) Year.

Revenue. £

1928-29 4,703,967 1929-30 3,397,324 1930-31 3,499,418 1931-32 2,284,299 1932-33 2,670,786 1933-34 2,684,925 1934-35 2,778,055 1935-36 3,268,378 1936-37 3,774,746 1937-38 3,791,673

From

Year.

U.K.

£

1928

6,513,246

1929

4,757,712

1930

4,395,108

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

2,512,260 3,273,593 3,063,438 2,698,494 4,533,683 7,499,788 12,593,772

Year.

SHIPPING ENTERED AND CLEARED. Expen- British Total diture. Tonnage. Tonnage. £

4,629,294 2,891,152 5,462,930 3,832,023 2,977,635 5,540,387 3,744,010 2,872,358 5,267,048 2,823,752 2,153,450 4,475,430 2,673,482 1,847,073 3,547,305 2,313,096 1,918,114 3,846, 525 2,554,039 2,258,647 4,279,268 3,128,606 2,504,253 4,710,835 3,916,992 2,664,497 4,858.728 3,636,569 2,923,375 5,223,665 IMPORTS. From From Total. Colonies. Elsewhere. £ £ £ 506,995 5,179,804 12,200,045 398,770 4,925,899 10,082,381 296,834 4,261,828 8,953,770 196,980 2,094,634 4,803.874 226,684 2,104,942 5,605,219 278,535 2,201,381 5,543,354 327,301 1,823,005 4,848,800 527,905 2,895,192 7,956,780 527,301 3,629,630 11,656,719 783,200 5,851,391 19,228,363 EXPORTS (including Re-exports). To To ElseTo U.K. Total. Colonies. where. £ £ £ 1928 4,104,309 399,734 9,320,832 13.824,875 1929 3,615,835 416,506 8,645,375 12,677,716 1930 4,386,843 428,324 6,472,221 11,287,388 1931 4,477,289 198,724 4,624,607 9,300,620 1932 3,887,173 136,870 4,324.836 8,348,879 1933 3,640,146 221,192 4,187,146 8,048,484 1934 4,547,173 186,859 3,383,424 8,117,456 1935 5,670,398 268,339 4,032,798 9,971,535 1936 6,058,958 365,136 6,212,805 12,636,899 1937 7,669,341 513,870 8,034,982 16,218,193 Customs receipts, 1933-1,891,5527. 1934-1,784,9487.

Ex-Officio Members:

The Comptroller of Customs.
The Director of Public Works.

The General Manager of the Railway.
The Commissioner of the Western Province.
The Commissioner of the Central Province.
The Commissioner of the Eastern Province.
The Director of Education.

The Director of Agriculture. Two Nominated Official Members. Unofficial Members, 6 Provincial Members, Elected, Togbi Sri II, O.B.E. (Awame Fia of Awuna); Nana Sir Ofori Atta, K.B.E. (Omanhene of Akin Abuakwa): Nana Tsibu Darku IX (Omanhene of Asin Atandasu); Nana Hima Dekyi XII (Omanhene of Upper Dixcove); Nene Nuer Ologo V (Konor of Yilo Krobo); Nana Amanfi III (Omanhene of Asebu).

Elected Mercantile Member, T. Sutherland. Nominated Mining Member, Lt. Col. H. W. M. Bamford, C.B.E., M.C.

Nominated Unofficial Members, T. Whitfield, O.B.E.,
G. B. Kirk, F. A. B. Johnston.

Elected Municipal Members, K. A. Korsah, O.B.E.,
G. J. Christian, A. W. Kojo Thompson.
Clerk of Executive Council, H. Cooper.
Clerk of Legislative Council, H. H. Malm, M.B.E.

Colonial Secretary's Office. Colonial Secretary, G. E. London, C.M.G., 2,000!. Financial Secretary, G. M. Rennis, M.C., 1,5507. Under-Secretary (vacant), 1,500l. Senior Assistant Colonial Secretaries, L. W. Wood, Capt. V. J. Lynch, M.C., 1,2001. Assistant Colonial Secretaries, Capt. G. M. Puckridge, W. W. Barnhill, C. B. A. Darling, G. N. N. Nunn, A. D. W. Skinner, H. Cooper, 400l., 4001. by 501. to 500l. by 251. to 6001. by 30l. to 6301.; 6901. by 30l. to 8401.; 8801. by 40l. to 1,000l.; J. Welsing and H. H. Malm, M.B.E., 3351. by 15l. to 350l. by 251. to 600l. by 361. to 7801.

In the following particulars of the Civil Establishment, the revised scales of salary attached to the various offices are shown in every case, although in many instances existing holders continue to draw salary

Scale B. For those appointed before 1st October, 1923; 500l. for three years, then 5701. by 30l. to 7201. by 401. to 960l. with seniority allowance of 721. from 7201.

For those appointed on or after 1st October, 1923; 450l. for three years, then 5101. by 301. to 7201. by 40l. to 9601., with seniority allowance of 721. from 720/.

Scale C. For those appointed before 1st October, 1923; 480. by 30l. to 7201. by 40l. to 920., with seniority allowance of 721. from 7201.

For those appointed on or after 1st October, 1923; 480l. for three years, then 5107. by 301. to 7201. by 40l. to 9201., with seniority allowance of 721. from 7201.