African Surveyor, K. Asante, 4001. by 251. to 6001. by 361. to 780%. Lands Department. Commissioner of Lands, G. W. Stacpoole, 1,100%. Assistant Commissioners of Lands, J. A. Rice, W. T. Roe, R. A. H. Tougher, M. Howell, C. F. Williams, 6007., 600, 6301. by 30l. to 840%. Executive Officer and Officer in Charge Records, I. S. Thomas, 400l., 415l., 430l., 450l. by 251. to 600l. by 30l. to 7201. Record Draughtsman, L. G. Devereux, 4001. for 2 years; 4501. by 251. to 600l.; 6601. by 30l. to 810l. Transport Department. Chief Transport Officer, A. H. Cruickshank, M.I.Mar.E., 8801. by 40l. to 1,000l. Engineer Transport Officers, Capt. E. Doole, R.E. (R. of O.), A.M.I.Mech. E., M.I.A.E., F.R.G.S., R. M. S. Dowling, A.M.Mech.E., 475l., 475l., 5001. by 251. to 6001. by 30l. to 8401. Accountant, J. A. Kelly, 400l. 400l., 4501. by 251. to 6001. by 30l. to 7201. Public Works Department. Director of Public Works, P. Hall, A.M.I.C.E., 1,500. Deputy Director of Public Works, J. R. Roberts, A.M.I.C.E., A.M.I.W.E., 1,2001. Senior Executive Engineer, R. M. Fisher, 1,0501. Senior Public Health Engineer, W. R. Sheffield, A.M.I.C.E., 1,050. Chief Mechanical and Electrical Engineer, R. H. Jones, M.Sc., M.I.E.E., A.M.I.Mech. E., 1,050. Chief Accountant, T. M. Logan, I.S.O., 7501. by 30l. to 8401. by 40l. to 9201. Architects, C. S. Morley, A.R.I.B.A., A.M.I.Struct. E., A. T. Flutter, 475l. for 2 years; 500l. by 251. to 600l. by 30l. to 8401. Executive Engineers, Grade I, J. Cumming, A.M.I. Struct. E., F.R.G.S., Major C. Alderson, D.S.O., B.Sc., M.I.M. & C.E., N. J. Silcock, A.M.I.M. & C.E., M.S.E., W. A. Coveney, B.E., A.M.I.C.E., G. F. Stewart, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E., A. Drury, B.E., A.M.I.C.E., 8801. by 40l. to 1,000l. Executive Engineers, Grade II, J. W. Watts, A. G. McPherson, A.M.I.M. & C.E., A.R.S.I., W. L. North, A.M.I.C.E., D. W. McCulloch, A.I.W.E., F. S. Drake, B.Sc., M.I.M. & C.E., A. V. S. Henderson, B.A., B.A.I., S. S. Tindall, A.M.I.M. & C.E., D. R. McKinlay, A.M.I.Struct.E., G. Paltridge, B.A., B.A.I., T. D. Lewis, J. Osenton, A.M.I.C.E., A. O. Barrie, 4751. for 2 years; 5001. by 251. to 600l. by 30l. to 8401. Senior Mechanical and Electrical Engineers, J. C. L Taylor, B. F. Smith-Cleburne, 8801. by 40l. to 1,000l. Mechanical and Electrical Engineers, T. F. Quinlan, A.M.I.Mech. E., Major J. S. Thain, M.C., R.E. (R. of O.), E. Hodgetts, C. E. Prockter, A.M.I.E.E., A.M.I.M.E., 475. for 2 years; 5001. by 251. to 6001. by 30l. to 8401. Engineering Chemist, J. S. Dunn, B.Sc., F.I.C., 475l. for 2 years; 5001. by 251, to 6001. by 30l. to 8401.; 8801. by 401. to 1,000l. Assistant Accountants, W. T. Taylor, A. E. Edwards, J. H. Julyan, R. L. Grennan, A.C.R.A., A.C.C.S., R. A. Bignell, A. H. Merrett, D. Howie (2 vacancies), 400%., 400l., 450l. by 251. to 6001. by 30l. to 7201. Mechanical Storekeeper, J. L. G. Jones, 400l., 400l., 4501. by 251. to 600l. by 30l. to 7201. European Building Inspectors, H. O. Ventress, A.M.I.S.E., J. H. Hutchinson, A.M.I.S.E., A.M.I. Struct. E., A. C. Fairbrother, M.C., H. L. Evans, J. W. McIntyre, 400l. by 15l. to 4301.; 450l. by 251. to 6001. by 30l. to 7201. Chief Inspectors of Works, A. T. Wood, 600l. (one vacancy). Filter Superintendent, H. Pank, D.S.M., 6001. Broadcasting Department. Superintendent of Broadcasting, F. A. W. Byron, O.B.E., 4501. for 2 years; 4751. by 251. to 6001. by 30l. to 6301.; 6901. by 30l. to 840l., 8801. by 40l. to 9201. Broadcast Officers, J. W. Foster, G. W. Butcher, T. A. Huxtable, E. E. Frewin, N. T. Harrison, 450l. for 2 years; 4751. by 251.to 6001. by 30l. to 630l. ; 6901. by 30l. to 7201. Labour Department. Chief Inspector of Labour, Captain J. R. Dickinson, M.C., 1,400. HONG KONG. Situation and Area. Hong Kong is one of a number of islands the mouth of the Canton River, and lies about 40 situated off the south-eastern coast of China, at miles east of Macao, 91 miles south of Canton, between 22° 11′ and 22° 18′ N. lat., and 114° 7′ and 114° 16′ E. long. The island is an irregular ridge, stretching nearly east and west; its broken 2,000 feet above the sea level. Its length is about and abrupt peaks rising to the height of nearly 11 miles, its breadth from 2 to 5 miles, its area about 32 square miles. It is separated from the mainland of China by a narrow strait, known as the Lyeemun Pass, which is about mile wide. The opposite peninsula of Kowloon (3 square miles) was ceded to Great Britain by a Treaty entered into by Lord Elgin in 1860 with the Government of China, and now forms part of the Colony; which also includes Stonecutter's, Green, Aplichau, Middle, Round, and other islets. In 1898 an agreement was concluded with the Kong territory by an area adjacent to British Chinese Government for the extension of Hong Kowloon, in the province of Kwang-tung, including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay, this area to be leased for 99 years; a stipulation was included that within the walled city of Kowloon (which lies outside of British Kowloon) the Chinese officials then stationed there should continue to exercise jurisdiction except so far as might be inconsistent with the military requirements for the defence of Hong Kong, but that within the remainder of the newly-leased territory Great Britain should have sole jurisdiction. In 1899 the Chinese officials ceased to exercise jurisdiction within Kowloon City, which thereafter, by Her late Majesty's Order in Council, was incorporated in the leased territory and became subject to British rule. The area of the mainland and islands leased is about 359 square miles. A careful survey of the territory was completed in 1904. These New Territories are divided into two main districts-the Northern and the Southern-and are in charge of two District Officers, who perform the duties of land officers and magistrates, and are authorised to hold small debts courts. The District Officer of the Northern district has his headquarters at Tai Pó on an arm of Mirs Bay; the headquarters of the Southern district are in Victoria. General Description. The waterways of the Colony form one of the most magnificent harbours in the world, having an area of 17 square miles. The granite hills which surround it rise between 2,000 and 3,000 feet high, the whole offering a coup d'œil which blends the wild scenery of Scotland with the classic beauty of Italy. The city of Victoria extends for five miles at the base of the hills which protect the south side of the harbour. Being built on the slope of the hills facing the sea, the general aspect of the town is perhaps more striking and picturesque from the water than that of any other city in the east, whilst many of the streets are shaded with well-grown and handsome trees. Some large and handsome buildings stand on the Praya West Reclamation, which was completed in 1903. Other important reclamation schemes completed in recent years are the Praya East (2,249,000 sq. ft.), Tai Kok Tsui (1,868,500 sq. ft.), Shamshuipo (2,842,000 sq. ft.), and Kowloon Bay (9,589,000 sq. ft.). On the reclaimed area at the northern end of Kowloon Bay an aerodrome has been constructed at Kaitak. Climate. Though situated within the tropics Hong Kong enjoys a cool winter, the mean temperature falling from 82° in August to 59° in February. Temperatures of less than 40° and of greater than 90° occur occasionally. The mean annual rainfall is 85 inches, of which 67 inches occurs from May to September. The relative humidity is very high in the spring, frequently reaching 98%. In the winter it occasionally falls as low as 20%. The prevalent wind is from E. N.E. in the winter with a mean velocity of 15 m.p.h. in March, when the north-east monsoon is at its height. During the summer months the wind is very variable, both in direction and velocity. In some years a southwest monsoon is fairly persistent, in others intermittent and short-lived. Typhoons occur occasionally from June to October. Very occasionally they occur before or after this period. The climate of Victoria is similar in its broad features to that of Kowloon and the New Territories, but at the higher levels, from 1,400 to 1,800 feet above sea level, the temperature is on the average about 5 to 8° lower than at the Observatory, Kowloon. The humidity is usually greater than in Kowloon and approaches saturation for several days at a time during March and April when mist is very prevalent. In summer the city of Victoria, and the rising terraces behind it, derive little or no benefit from the south-west monsoon, being sheltered by steep hills from south-east to southwest. In winter it is exposed to the north-east monsoon, which occasionally blows along the harbour through Lyeemun Pass with considerable violence. On the other hand the south-west side of the Island is protected from the north-east monsoon in winter and enjoys the benefit of the south-west monsoon in summer. Hong Kong did not become of much commercial importance until the discovery of gold in Australia in 1851 and the consequent Chinese emigration. Its trade has gradually increased with the opening up of China to foreign trade. Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and the trade was greatly increased by the opening of the Suez Canal. The city is the depot for an incessant flow of Chinese emigration and immigration, the number in 1935 being: emigrants, 149,515; immigrants, 112,420, excluding to and from China ports. Estimated Population, Mid-year, 1938. Non-Chinese Chinese 23,096 :: 1,005,523 Industry, Trade, and Customs. Hong Kong is a free port except for an Import Tariff on all intoxicating liquors, on spirituous liquors containing more than two per cent. of pure alcohol by weight, on tobacco, and on light oils (including motor spirit) and on motor vehicles. There is no Export Tariff. The position of the island has made it a distributing centre for trade in many kinds of goods. Amongst the principal commodities håndled are coal, cotton, and cotton goods, hides, iron and steel, matches, nuts, oils, rice, sugar, silk, sandalwood, tea, tin, wolframite, etc. Ship repairing and general engineering is a large industry, and there are also factories of very considerable importance engaged in the manufacture of cigarettes, rope, cement, rubber shoes, knitted goods, and the refining of sugar. Native industries such as the manufacture of vermilion, sauces, bamboo-ware, building of native craft, etc., are of large and increasing dimensions. The natural products of Hong Kong are few and unimportant. There is little land suitable for tillage, and nothing is grown but a little rice and some vegetables near the outlying villages. There are large granite quarries both on the island and in Kowloon. A dairy farm supplies fresh meat, poultry, eggs, and milk. The fishing in the waters of the Colony is good and is a source of livelihood to a vast number of Chinese. The New Territories are intensively cultivated, rice being the most important crop. Vegetables, groundnuts, fruit, sugarcane, etc., are also grown; and pigs, cattle, chickens, and ducks are commonly bred. Farming is mostly in the hands of Chinese villagers, though the number of large farms leased by urban landlords is on the increase. Shipping. The total tonnage entering and clearing during the year 1937 amounted to 37,830,760 tons, a decrease of 3,900,256 tons compared with 1936. There were 16,854 arrivals of 18,131,943 tons, and 16,928 departures of 18,059,781 tons. Of British Ocean-going tonnage, 5,874,910 tons entered, and 5,834,679 tons cleared. Of British River Steamers, 3,060,534 tons entered, and 3,048,226 tons cleared. Of Foreign Ocean-going 8,774,858 tons entered, and 8,758,874 tons cleared. Of Foreign River Steamers, 368,755 tons entered and 364,605 tons cleared. Of Steamships under 60 tons trading to ports outside the colony 52,886 tons entered and 53,397 tons cleared. Of Junks in Foreign Trade 801,455 tons entered and 811,459 tons cleared. Of Junks in Local Trade, 331,259 tons entered and 653,058 tons cleared. Docks. Hong Kong is well provided with dock accommodation. The Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company has three dry docks, the larger one being re-constructed, and two slips at their Kowloon establishment, one dry dock at Mong Kok Tsui on the western side of the Kowloon Peninsula, and two at Aberdeen on the south side of the island. The Taikoo Dockyard and Engineering Company has one large dock and three slipways situated at Quarry Bay, just inside the Lyeemun Pass. The Admiralty has built a large dock in the Naval Dockyard in the middle of the City of Victoria. Besides these, there are several building slips and repairing shops owned by Europeans and Chinese in various parts of the Colony. Wharves. The Hong Kong and Kowloon Wharf & Godown Co., situated on the mainland, has five wharves and can accommodate vessels of 550 ft. in length. No. 1 and No. 5 Wharves are capable of accommodating vessels up to 750 feet. Alf. Holt & Co. have two wharves at the East Point of the Kowloon Peninsula and have accommodation for large vessels. At North Point on the Hong Kong side of the Harbour, the Ching Siong Land Investment Co. has built about 1,700 feet of quay walling providing a depth of 30 feet of water alongside at L.W.E.S.T. In addition, there are many wharves privately owned by shipping firms, situated in the Central district. Government Harbour Moorings. There are at present laid down in the Harbour for the use of vessels frequenting the Port forty-nine (49) complete sets of Government Harbour Moorings, classed as follows: Currency and Banking. Until recently the currency of Hong Kong has, under the Order-in-Council of the 2nd of February, 1895, been based on the silver Mexican dollar and the British silver dollar, Subsidiary silver half dollars, silver pieces of 20 cent., 10 cent. and 5 cent. and copper coins were also in circulation. Cupro nickel 10 cent. and 5 cent. pieces were placed in circulation in November, 1935. As from the 5th of December, 1935, under the Currency Ordinance, 1935, the notes issued by three banks having the power of issue in the Colony, i.e., the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, and the Mercantile Bank of India, the total circulation of whose notes amounted at the end of 1937 to $230,037,967, have been made full legal tender, and their exchange value* is controlled for the time being by the operations of a Government Exchange Fund set up by the same legislation. An issue of Government $1 notes, which are also unlimited legal tender, has also been made. For the present the Mexican, British, and Hong Kong dollars, and the subsidiary coin as previously issued, remain legal tender, but the silver dollars have been called in by the Government and are no longer in active circulation. The principal Banks are the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Ltd., the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, the Mercantile Bank of India, the P. & O. Banking Corporation, Ltd., the National City Bank of New York, The Yokohama Specie Bank, the Bank of Taiwan, the Netherlands-India Commercial Bank, the Netherlands Trading Society, the Banque de l'Indo-Chine, the Crédit-Foncier d'Extrème Orient. The first named bank conducts a Savings Bank. There are also a large number of Chinese banks. Local weights and measures are the following: tael-1 oz.; 1 picul-133 lbs. (avoirdupois); catties-1 imperial gallon. $ SHIPPING CLEARED AND ENTERED. British Total. Tonnage. Tonnage. 1928 24,968,399 21,230,242 17,562,444 44,883,765 1929 23,554,475 21,983,257 18,961,028 47,186,181 1930 27,818,473 28,119,646 18,827,095 42,190,612 1931 33,146,724 31,160,774 19,715,898 44,150,021 1932 33,549,716 32,050,283 20,418,218 43,824,906 1933 32,099,278 31,122,715 19,553,462 43,043,381 1935 28,430,550 28,291,636 20,015,178 43,473,979 1934 29,574,286 31,149,156 19,473,260 41,914,022 1936 30,042,984 29,513,520 18,675,471 40,063,663 1937 33,196,368 32,111,222 There is a Public Debt of $4,838,000 and $12,320,000. The amount at credit of the Sinking Fund of the 4 per cent. Conversion Loan is 54,3251. Means of Communication. Hong Kong is extremely well situated as regards telegraphic communication in all directions with all parts of the world. The Eastern Extension Telegraph Company (British) by means of three cables to Singapore, one direct and one each via Labuan and Cape St. James respectively, provide good connections with Europe vid India, with Australasia, and with the other British Colonies and possessions. By their cable to Manila connection is made with the direct American cable, thence to San Francisco. Two cables to Shanghai, belonging respectively to the Eastern Extension and to the Great Northern (Danish) Companies, vid Foochow and Amoy respectively, give a good connection with Shanghai, North China, Japan, and Russia; and the system of the Great Northern Telegraph Company gives a good service to Europe, vid Asiatic Russia. On 1st January, 1937, the exchange rate with Sterling was $1 = 1/23. Commercial wireless telegraph services are. maintained with ships at sea, Canton, Swatow, Amoy, Foochow, Shanghai, and North China via Shanghai, points in Kwangtung and Kwangsi Provinces, Yunnanfu, Macau, French Indo-China (direct to Saigon and Hanoi), Kwongchowan, North Borneo, Siam, Dutch East Indies, and via Dutch East Indies to Europe, Australia and American continents, Manila and via Manila to Europe and American continents. The Commercial services are operated and controlled by Cable & Wireless Ltd. Marine, Aviation and Broadcasting services are operated and controlled by Government. The Marine, Commercial and Short Wave Broadcasting Transmitters are grouped at Cape D'Aguilar Station, position lat. 22° 12'38-61" N.: long. 114° 15'18:94" E. Call signals:-V PS for ship services, Z B W and ZEK for broadcasting, and the series Z CE to ZCJ with Z E M, ZE N and Z E O for commercial services, and Z CK for aeronautical services. The main The receiving station is situated at Victoria Peak, from which station received signals are passed by tone lines to the Radio Office. The marine receiving station is situated at Kowloon (Royal Observatory). In addition, aeronautical, meteorological and time signal services are carried on, the Police Department has its own communication system, and the Waglan and Gap Rock Lighthouses have installations for emergency communication. A local broadcasting service for the transmission of news items, speeches, music, etc., is maintained by transmitters installed at Hung Hom, Kowloon, which are controlled from up to date studios and control rooms situated in Victoria. Both European and Chinese programmes are transmitted together from stations Z B W on 355 metres and Z EK on 468 metres. ZBW programmes are also radiated on a modern short-wave transmitter and are received throughout the world. The aviation transmitters are also installed at the Hung Hom Station, Kowloon, and the associate receiving apparatus for this service at Kai Tak Aerodrome, Kowloon. Hong Kong possesses unrivalled steam communication. The P. & O. S. N. Co., M. M. Cie, Holt's Line, City Line, and N.Y.K. maintain a regular service with the United Kingdom and Europe. The Holt's line, O. S. K., N. Y. K., and Dollar Line maintain a regular service between Hong Kong and the United States of America. The Canadian Pacific S.S. Limited maintain a regular service with Vancouver, B.C. The E. & A., Australian Oriental Line, and N. Y. K. and O. S. K. keep up a frequent service to Australian ports. In addition to these main lines of steamers, there are other lines which call at Hong Kong from various ports, such as the Shire, Glen, and Bank lines, and Lloyd Trestino. Regular steam communication between Java and Hong Kong has been established by the Java China-Japan Line. Between the ports on the east coast of China, Formosa, and Hong Kong the steamers of the Douglas S. S. Co. ply regularly twice a week, and those of the Osaka Shosen Kaisha weekly, and there is constant steam communica tion with Hoihow, Manila, Saigon, Haiphong, Tourane, Bangkok, Borneo, etc. With Shanghai, Tientsin, and the ports of Japan there is frequent communication by steamers of the Indo-China S. N. Co., China Navigation, and other lines, in addition to the English, French and American mail steamers. With Calcutta there services by the Indo-China S. N. Co., O.S.K., N.Y.K., and the British India Line, about once a fortnight by each line. Between Hong Kong, Macao, and Canton there is a daily steam service, are and numerous steamers as far as Wuchow on the West River. A weekly Air mail service was inaugurated by Imperial Airways Ltd. in March, 1936, between Hong Kong and Penang, connecting with the Main Empire Line. Since December, 1937, this service has branched off to Hong Kong from Bangkok. In addition (a) the China National Aviation Corporation operate three services per week in each direction between Hong Kong and Shanghai; (b) the Pan American Airways Corporation operate a weekly service between Hong Kong and Manila, connecting with the Trans Pacific line; and (c) the Eurasia Aviation Corporation operate a twice-weekly service in each direction between Hong Kong and Peking. A cable tramway connects the city with the higher levels. An electric tramway Shaukiwan to Kennedy Town, along the whole extent of the city, was completed and opened in July, 1904. The island possesses roads available for vehicular traffic both in the town and outside from which unrivalled views can be obtained, especially from the wind-swept roads in the hill districts. There is also a fine motor road round the island. from Since 1913 the schools in the Colony, with few exceptions, have been placed by Ordinance under the supervision and control of the Education Department. The total number of pupils is about 86,993, of whom, roughly speaking, one-third are in schools in which English is the medium of instruction, and two-thirds are in Vernacular Schools. There are four schools exclusively for children of British parentage, with an average attendance of 498. Queen's and King's Colleges are the principal schools for Chinese, with an average attendance of 573 and 750 respectively. Including the above, the average attendance at Government |