the population was estimated to be 474,775, of whom 319,260 were Malays, 631 Europeans, 85,472 Chinese, 56,402 Indians, and 13,010 "other races." Galena has been found in Langkawi, and indications of coal and oil have been reported; nothing of commercial value has, however, yet been discovered, with the exception of a deposit of marble which is described as the equal of any in Europe. Climate. The climate resembles that of Perak. Meteorological returns kept in ten places record an average shade temperature in the day-time rising to over 92° F. and falling to nearly 71° F. at night. The driest months are January to March and the wettest August to October, when half the annual rainfall occurs, averaging from 100 to 130 inches a year. Cholera has sometimes broken out in prolonged droughts, but the provision of a good water supply which is now completed, should prevent this. The health on rubber and other estates is good. Communications. Steamers ply between Penang and Sungei Patani (Central Kedah), and between Penang and Alor Star (the capital, six miles up the Kedah River) in North Kedah There is a bi-weekly steamer communication between Penang and Langkawi Island. A metalled road connects Alor Star with Province Wellesley, a distance of 45 miles. A metalled road extends to the Perlis boundary (25 miles), and a road which branches off at the 12th mile connects the State with Singgora. Another road extends to Kuala Nerang at the 23rd mile from Alor Star. A metalled road has been made to Baling and North Perak, and other metalled roads have been completed or are under construction. There are a number of earth roads connecting the tapioca and rubber estates in South Kedah with the towns; 225 miles of canals are maintained by the Public Works Department. The Federated Malay States railway administration has extended its railway service through Kedah into Perlis. The line leaves the main line at Bukit Mertajam, in Province Wellesley, and is 98 miles in length to the Siamese frontier; trains have been running regularly since October, 1915. A connection through Perlis with the Siamese railway system has been completed, establishing railway communication between Bangkok and Singapore. There is an aerodrome at Alor Star. Telegraphic and telephonic communication extends throughout the State. Until the beginning of this century the Siamese Government interfered but little in the government of the country, only requiring the Sultan to refer to Bangkok matters of importance, and applications for land by foreign subjects. In 1905, however, the finances of the country had reached such a state that the Sultan was compelled to negotiate with Siam for a loan in order to avoid bankruptcy. With the loan the Siamese Government sont an adviser to advise the Sultan in the general management of the country, and more particularly in its finances. In 1905, the Sultan by an edict appointed a State Council to assist him in the administration of the He country. The first President was H.H. the Raja In 1913, the Sultan's health became such that it was necessary to appoint a Regent. His Highness' eldest son, H.H. Tunku Ibrahim, C.M.G., Č.V.O., remained Regent till his death in 1934. The present Regent is H.H. Tunku Badlishah, C.M.G. With the transfer of the suzerainty of Kedah from Siam to Great Britain under the treaty of 1909, the adviser appointed by Siam has been replaced by an adviser appointed by Great Britain. Under the terms of the agreement between His Britannic Majesty's Government and the State of Kedah dated the 1st November, 1923, the supreme authority in the State is vested in the Sultan in Council, which Council consists of His Highness the Sultan as President, three other Malay members selected by name or office by His Highness with the approval of His Excellency the High Commissioner for the Malay States, and the British Adviser. Finance. The amount of the loan obtained in 1905 from Siam was of $2,600,000 at the rate of 6 per cent. This loan was, with the transfer of the suzerainty of the State from Siam to Great Britain under the treaty of 1909, taken over by the Federated Malay States Government at 4 per cent., but the whole amount has been paid off and the State is now free from debt. Accumulated surplus funds (excess of Assets over Liabilities) amounted to $7,737,435 at the end of 1356, in addition to an "Opium Revenue Replacement Fund" with investments valued at $6,273,161. Public revenue and expenditure :— Year. A.H. 1356 (A.D. 1937-1938) Trade. Expendi The following are the principal exports from Kedah :-Padi and rice, rubber, copra, arecanuts, tapioca and sago, forest produce, tin-ore, fish, bricks, cattle, hides and horns, pigs and poultry. The value of the Kedah trade with the Straits Settlements during 1937 was as follows:-Exports, $24.724,437; imports, $11.566,917. The value of Kedah trade with the F.M.S. during 1937 was: Exports, $2,533,051; imports, $154,686. Administration. His Highness the Sultan, Sir Abdul Hamid Halimshah President State Council, His Highness the Regent Members of the State Council, The Hon'ble Haji Md. British Adviser, J. D. Hall, M.C.S. (on leave), H. S. Judges, G. B. Kellagher, M.C.S. (on leave), L. V. J. Protector of Chinese, B. S. Davis, M.C.S. Director of Lands, Syed Ahmad Aljaffree. Adviser, Land Office, B. S. Walton, M.C.S. (acting). Superintendent of Surveys, C. T. M. Husband. Commissioner, C. W. D. Hall. Officer in charge of Detective Branch (vacant). Medical. State Surgeon, Dr. J. C. Carson (acting). Health. Senior Health Officer, Dr. R. D. Gross. Health Officer, Dr. E. D. B. Wolfe. Prisons. Superintendent of Prisons, R. L. German, M.C.S. Veterinary. State Veterinary Surgeon, W. E. Lancaster (acting). Public Works. State Engineer, E. M. O'D. Burke-Gaffney. Assistant Engineers, E. P. Purcell, R. P. Kelly and Harbour. Harbour Master, Che Baharom. Monopolies and Customs. Superintendent, Che Kassim bin Che Ismail. Education. Superintendent, E. de la M. Stowell. Labour. Protector of Labour, C. W. Shorland, M.C.S. PERLIS. His Highness Syed Alwi, K.B.E., C.M.G., Raja. Perlis is a small State on the West coast of the Malay Peninsula, North of Kedah. Its area is 316 square miles. Until 1821 it was subject to Kedah, but when the Siamese, in 1841, allowed the Sultan of Kedah to re-assume the government, they made Perlis an independent State under Syed Hussein, who was given the title of Raja. The present ruler is the great-great-grandson of Syed Hussein and is the fourth Raja. The country, like Kedah, is a rich alluvial plain, which is devoted to rice cultivation. A little tin is exported from the interior, and some of the limestone hills are rich in guano. The Federated Malay States Railway runs through the State and connects with the Siamese railway system at Padang Besar. H.H. the Raja resides at Arau which is on the railway. The main Government Offices are at Kangar, about six miles from Arau. There is a Post and Telegraph Office at Kangar and a telephone system exists between the police stations in the State. Perlis is also connected by telephone trunk service with the Federated Malay States, Johore and Singapore. Padang Besar is in telephonic connection only through the Railway telephone system. There are 45 miles of metalled roads and 41 miles of gravelled roads and paths kept up by Government. The population is 52,703 (middle 1937) of whom 43,497 are Malays. Public revenue and expenditure: Year. Revenue. $728,531 The State, by loans made in 1905 and 1907, incurred a debt of $443,000 to the Siamese Government. These loans, with the transfer of suzerainty from Siam to Great Britain, were taken over by the Federated Malay States. Repayment of these loans was completed in 1929. When the loans were contracted the Siamese Government sent an Adviser to advise the Raja in the general management of the country, and more particularly in its finances. With the transfer of the suzerainty of Perlis from Siam to Great Britain under the treaty of 1909, the Adviser appointed by Siam was replaced by an Adviser appointed by Great Britain. The relations between Perlis and Great Britain are defined in a Treaty signed at Arau on 28th April, 1930. The Raja is assisted by a State Council in the government of the country, and is himself President of the Council. There are five other members of the Council, one of them being the Adviser. Members of the State Council. President, His Highness the Raja, Syed Alwi, K.B.E., C.M.G. Vice-President, Syed Hamzah bin Almerhom Syed Safi. European Masters, T. J. Thomas, W. H. Davey, British Adviser, C. W. Dawson, Esq., M.C.S. E. H. Bromley, R. A. Goodchild. Forests. State Forest Officer, G. Wilkinson. Tuan Haji Ahmad bin Haji Mohamed. Tuan Haji Mohamed Noor bin Haji Mohamed. Wan Ahmad bin Wan Daud. Clerk of Council, Syed Alwi bin Syed Idrus. Government Officials. State Auditor, The British Adviser. part of the State. Of the other rivers, the most important are the Golok and the Semerak. By the Assistant State Auditor, Sheikh Ahmad bin Mohamed Anglo-Siamese treaty of 1909, the Golok forms the Hashim. State Treasurer, Haji Ismail bin Haji Ibrahim. Commissioner of Lands and Mines, Wan Hamarudin bin Wan Abdul Jallil. Chief Judge, Haji Ahmad bin Haji Mohamed Chief of Police, Che Matt bin Haji Kassim. Assistant Medical Officer, Dr. R. Sivasambandan, Visiting Teacher, Mohamed Hashim bin Abdul Visiting Teacher Qoran, Haji Ismail bin Haji Mohamed Taib. KELANTAN. His Highness the Sultan Ismail ibni Almarhum Sultan Mohamed IV, K.C.M.G. The State of Kelantan is situated on the eastern side of the Malay Peninsula, and lies between latitudes 4° 32′ and 6° 15′ North, and between longitudes 101° 19′ and 102° 37′ East. It is bounded on the North by the China Sea; on the East by Trengganu and the China Sea; on the South by Pahang, and on the West by Perak and Siamese territory. The area of the State is estimated to be 5,750 square miles. As in the case of Kedah, the Government of Siam claimed rights of suzerainty over Kelantan for many years before any attempt was made to direct the administration of the State. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, at the time when the affairs of Kelantan were involved in much confusion owing to a disputed succession, a Siamese Commissioner was appointed to reside at Kota Bharu, the capital, but in spite of this fact the exact rights of Siam were a subject of constant dispute, until matters were placed on a stable footing at the end of 1902 by an agreement under which the Raja undertook to receive a British Officer in the Siamese service as his Adviser, and to administer the State according to his advice. The Adviser took up his post in 1903, and since that date great improvements have been effected in the Government of the State. The transfer to the protection of Great Britain was formally effected on July 15th, 1909. About a sixth part of the area of Kelantan consists of a fertile plain, extending from ten to twenty-five miles from the shore; the greater part of this plain is under cultivation with padi and coconuts. From this plain the land rises gradually into mountain ranges, which reach their greatest height in the South; Gunong Tahan, on the southern boundary, is 7,186 feet high, and is the highest peak in the Malay Peninsula. The principal river is the Kelantan, which enters the China Sea about ten miles from the western boundary of the State. The Kelantan River is a fine river some 150 miles long, navigable for launches for 80 miles. The basin of the Kelantan River, with those of its tributaries, comprises the greater boundary between Kelantan and the Siamese territory from its source to Kuala Tabal, where it debouches into the China Sea. The Semerak, like the Golok, is a deep river with a shallow bar at its mouth; it enters the sea near the border of Trengganu. Kelantan possesses a larger Malay population than any other State in the Peninsula. The total population at the 1931 census was 362,517, including 330,774 Malays, 17,612 Chinese, 6,752 Indians, 124 Europeans, 32 Eurasians, and 7,223 others. The total population estimated for 1937 was 400,378, of whom over 354,000 were Malays, 27,000 Chinese, 10,000 Indians, and 80 Europeans. Kota Kota Bharu, the capital, which lies on the right bank of the Kelantan River, about eight miles from its mouth, had a population of about 14,843 people (1931 census). It is a clean, well laid-out town with good metalled roads. It contains the Sultan's Palace and the British Residency. It has 30 Malay vernacular schools attended by some 3,001 scholars Bharu is connected by telegraph with the Siamese Administration. A telegraph line connecting Kota Bharu with Pahang has been completed. Communications were well maintained and during 1937 there were no serious interruptions to record. The north-east monsoon did no serious damage to communications. Whenever the main telegraph circuit with Kuala Lumpur was interrupted, the Kuala Krai wireless station was used instead. There are three wireless transmitting and receiving sets in Kelantan, one at Kota Bharu, belonging to the Royal Air Force, one at Kemubu and one at Kuala Krai, both belonging to the Federated Malay States Railways. Kota Bharu is also connected by telephone with Tumpat, the port of Kelantan, Pasir Puteh, Kuala Krai, Pasir Mas, Bachok and Palek bang. Of the smaller towns the principal are Tumpat (population 3,431), Bachok (population 776), on the coast, Pasir Puteh (population 1,308) and Kuala Krai, the headquarters of the southern district of the State. The trunk road from Kota Bharu to Kuala Krai is open for traffic. Pasir Puteh is connected with Kota Bharu by a road which is practicable in all weathers. Since the opening in 1931 of the East Coast Railway, there has been direct communication with Singapore through Pahang. Beside the daily slower trains, a fast through Mail Train with sleeping berths runs once a week in each direction and does the journey in less than 24 hours. There is also a daily train service between Tumpat and Penang via the Royal Siamese Railway. The main industries of the State aro agricultural. The soil varies considerably in fertility: many of the rubber estates are on soil of volcanic origin, which is of renowned fertility. The chief product is padi, the last harvest of which amounted to 46,500 tons. Coconuts and betelnuts are also extensively grown in the coastal plain. The coconut palms are remarkably free from disease. As elsewhere in the Malay Peninsula, para rubber has been largely planted in recent years; in addition to several small properties owned by Malays, there are twenty large estates owned by Europeans. The area under rubber is about 90,000 acres, of which rather more than one half comprises Asiatic holdings. Fishing and fish drying provide occupation for a large number of coast Malays. Cattle breeding is also a large industry, though it has been necessary periodically to restrict the export in order to maintain sufficient cattle for agricultural purposes. Of indigenous crafts the most important is weaving. Hand printing of cotton goods is a new and flourishing industry. The export of sarongs to neighbouring States is on the increase. Mining has not yet been fully developed. There are indications of considerable deposits of tin-ore which are now being prospected by some important tin-mining interests. These will, it is hoped, form a valuable reserve but they will not be immediately available under the existing system of international tin control. Manganese-ore and iron-ore are found in considerable quantities and the exploiting of these minerals offers a hopeful field for new development. Alluvial gold is widely distributed over the Southern area of the State but seldom in paying quantities. Hopeful prospectors are still seeking for the goldbearing lode which it is hoped may be found somewhere between the rich lode at Litcho, just over the Siamese border, and the gold-bearing lodes of Pahang. The quantities and values of minerals exported during the last three years have been as follows: Manganese-ore Value. The climate of the State is equable, and may be described as hot and dry compared with the rest of the Peninsula (except in the monsoon), but both temperature and rainfall vary a little during each half of the year. In the plain the temperature in the shade rarely exceeds 90°F., or goes below 69°F., except in January and February, when 64°F. is not unknown. The nights are cool; the land breezes in the mornings and the sea breezes in the afternoon keep the air pleasant. In the interior the range of temperature is slightly higher, the days being hotter and the nights cooler. The average rainfall on the coast is some 130 inches and on the plains further inland 150 inches. The currency is the Straits Settlements dollar. Regular steamship communication is maintained between Singapore and Kelantan. Iron-ore Finance and Trade. Revenue. Expenditure. Imports. Exports. $3,209,722 $2,757,900 $7,941,213 $10,467,593 Public Debt, $5,182,754. Administration. 12,590 15,107 Iron.-The Japanese Mine at Bukit Besi, near Temangan, owned by the Southern Mining Company Ltd., made their first shipment of iron-ore in May, and during the seven months, May to October, exported & total amount of 49,223 tons, the value of which was estimated at $196,892. The duty collected was nearly $20,000. The ore is at present transported in buckets via an aerial rope-way to the F.M.S. railway line at Bukit Besi Halt, thence by rail, lighter, and ship to Japan. The aerial rope-way has a limited capacity, and the possibility of laying down a railway line to connect with the F.M.S. R. at a point near Temangan is now being investigated. Gold.-As in previous years the bulk of the gold produced in Kelantan resulted from the activities of the licensed individual dulang washers, mostly Chinese. The number of licences issued was 1,162 as compared with 1,506 in 1936. No large undertaking involving heavy capital expenditure can be expected until the existence of considerable reserves of ore has been proved. Manganese-ore.-A Japanese-owned company is exploiting a limited manganese-ore area near Gual Periok and exporting a regular 10,000 tons a year. An important manganese-ore deposit in a remote area near Gunong Tahan is being investigated, but considerable difficulties in transport through wild and broken country will have to be overcome. The chief exports of Kelantan are copra, rubber, cattle, betelnuts, dried fish, poultry, tin-ore, manganese-ore and iron-ore. The chief imports are rice, tobacco, textile, provisions, kerosene oil, benzine, sugar, timber and planks, salt, machinery and tinned milk. British Adviser, Capt. A. C. Baker, M.C., M.C.S. Assistant British Adviser and Adviser Lands and Mines, D. Wills, M.C.S. Legal Adviser and Judicial Commissioner, W. A. Gordon-Hall, M.C.S. President Town Board and State Treasurer, Kelantan, W. W. M. Lennox, M.C.S. District Officer, Ulu Kelantan and Controller of Labour, State Engineer, Kelantan, W. M. McCrae, M.M. Chief Medical Officer, Kelantan, H. J. Lawson, M.B., Commissioner of Police and Superintendent of Gaols, E. C. Tidy. Secretary to British Adviser, Superintendent P. & T., Auditor and Public Prosecutor, G. A. G. Walker, M.C.S. Superintendent Marine and Customs and Superintendent of Chandu, F. L. Skilton. State Agricultural Officer, R. G. Heath, B.Sc., A.I.C.T.A. The total population estimated at mid 1937 was 198,246 calculated by geometrical method. There are 175 miles of road open to traffic, including a road of 66 miles length from Kuala Trengganu which connects with the Kelantan road system at the boundary between Trengganu and Kelantan. There are also 170 miles of minor roads practicable except after heavy rain. There are no railways (except light railways on mines) and communication with the interior is mainly by means of rivers and paths. Telegraphic communication was established between the State, the Federated Malay States, and the Straits Settlements in 1922. There are telephone exchanges at Kuala Trengganu, Kemaman and Besut. The chief town is Kuala Trengganu, situated on both banks of the mouth of the Trengganu river, with a population of 14,060. Other navigable rivers with considerable settle. ments at their mouths are the Kemaman Kretir. Dungun. Paka. Marang, Ibai, Setiyu, and Beaut. The public revenue and expenditure for the year 1937 were $2,660,399 and $2,645,686 respectively. The total value of exports from Trengganu in 1937 was $11,679,578 and of imports $6,443,326. The principal exports and imports were : Adviser and his establishment to be determined by the High Commissioner and to be charged on the revenues of the State. The ruling of Sultans dates from the seventeenth century, as there is unbroken succession from Sultan Zainu'l-'abidin through ten intermediary Sultans to the present ruler. The Public Debt at the end of 1937 amounted to $3,000,000. It consists of loans by the Government of the Straits Settlements for the purpose of resumption of Ruling House Land Concessions, surveys, road construction and other development works. Administration. British Adviser, N. R. Jarrett, M.C.S., A. E. Coope, Legal Adviser, C. W. A. Sennett, M.C.S. Settlement Collector, W. W. M. Lennox, M.C.S. Superintendent of Surveys, R. A. Simcock. Machinery Locomotives 282,020 The rainfall is heavy and well distributed through. out the year, though excessive during the North-east monsoon from November to February. The annual average is about 115 inches. The temperature ranges between 75° and 92°F. Soil and climate are suitable for the cultivation of Para rubber, coconuts, coffee, and pepper. During part of the N.E. monsoon season the coast is difficult of access, though seldom quite unapproachable. British protection dates only from the 14th July, 1909. The suzerainty of Siam, transferred on that date to Great Britain, was merely a nominal overlordship, of which practically the only token was the triennial despatch of the bunga mas (golden leaves and flowers) to Bangkok. An agreement between His Majesty's Government and His Highness Sultan Zainu'l-'abidin was made on 22nd April, 1910, and a further Agreement was made on 24th May, 1919. Under these Agreements His Majesty's Government guarantees protection of the State from foreign aggression, and the Trengganu Government accepts a British Adviser whose advice must be asked and acted upon in all matters affecting the general administration of the country and the collection and disbursement of all revenues; the cost of this BRUNEI. Sullan, His Highness Ahmed Tajudin. Ministers of State, Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permeisuara Anak Abdulrahman, Pengiran Pemancha Sahibul Raya Almerhuara, Haji Mohamed Yasin. British Resident, J. Graham Black, M.C.S. State Forest Officer, C. O. Flemmich. The State of Brunei lies between Longitude 114° and 116° East and forms two enclaves into the territory of Sarawak close to the boundary of that State with North Borneo. It has a coast line of some 100 miles extending from Brunei Bay in the East, in which lies the island of Labuan. one of the Straits Settlements, to the boundary of Sarawak near the Baram River in the West. It is distant 758 nautical miles by sea from Singapore. The Sultanate of Brunei was formerly a great and powerful State, and in the early years of the 16th century the authority of its Rulers appears to have extended, not only over the Northern part of the Island of Borneo, but over the Sulu Islands and part of the Philippines. Its wealth and importance at this period are shown by the description given by Pigafetta of the Sultan's Court, and by the fact that the early European navigators extended the name of the Sultanate to the whole of the island, "Borneo " being a corruption of Brunei. The power of the State appears to have begun to decline about the end of the 16th century, and by the middle of the 19th century it had fallen hopelessly into decay. The cession of Sarawak to Sir James Brooke in 1841 was followed |