warlike and hitherto intractable Munshi people, were brought under Government supervision.

THE AMALGAMATION OF NORTHERN

AND

SOUTHERN NIGERIA, 1914:-By Letters Patent

of 29th November, 1913, and an Order-in-Council dated the 22nd of November, 1913, which Instruments came into operation on the 1st January, 1914, the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria were formed into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. By another Order of the same date the boundaries of the Colony of Nigeria were defined, and by a third Order, which applied to the Colony and to the Protectorate, an advisory and deliberative body known as the Nigerian Council was established.

Provision was made for an Executive Council

and for a Legislative Council for the Colony: The legislative power for the Protectorate was vested in the Governor. The Colony was placed under an Administrator, and the Protectorate, divided into two groups of provinces-Northern and Southern-under two Lieutenant-Governors. Since the amalgamation, the chief events in the history of Nigeria have been the Great War, which resulted in the conquest of the Cameroons; the building of the Eastern Railway, and the develop-. ment of the ports of Lagos and Port Harcourt, and of the Government Colliery at Enugu; the institution in 1923 of an enlarged and partly elected Legislative Council for the Colony and the Southern Provinces of the Protectorate (see under Constitution); two great trade booms and the depressions which succeeded them; the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1925, the introduction of direct taxation in the Southern Provinces and the establishment of air communication with Europe and the Gold Coast.

Political and Administrative Divisions. Nigeria is arranged in three main divisions, the "Colony" and two groups of provinces designated the 'Northern Provinces" and the "Southern Provinces." The Colony comprises the former Colony of Southern Nigeria, while the two groups of provinces are formed from the late Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria. The Northern Provinces are Adamawa, Bauchi, Benue, Bornu, Ilorin, Kabba, Kano, Katsina, Niger, Plateau, Sokoto, and Zaria.

The Southern Provinces are Abeokuta, Benin, Calabar, Cameroons, Ijebu, Oyo, Ogoja, Ondo, Onitsha, Owerri, and Warri.

The Provinces are each partitioned into divisions. The seat of Government is established at Lagos. The Administrative Head-quarters of the Colony is at Lagos, while those of the Northern and Southern Provinces are at Kaduna and Enugu, respectively.

THE CAMEROONS:-The conquest of the Cameroons was completed in February, 1916, after a series of operations which commenced in August, 1914.

An Anglo-French military and naval force under the command of Brigadier-General C. Dobell, (afterwards Major-General Sir C. Dobell), the Inspector General of the West African Frontier Force, compelled Duala to surrender on 27th September, 1914, and after hard fighting drove the German forces from the surrounding districts.

On the 10th June, 1915, Garua, on the River Benue, fell after a siege of a few weeks by forces from Nigeria and the French Chad Territory under the command of Brigadier-General Cunliffe,

the Commandant of the Nigeria Regiment, W.A. F.F.; having cleared the north of the Cameroons, except Mora, these forces marched southwards driving the Germans before them to the Sanaga

River.

the Congo, invaded the Cameroons from French French forces, with a Belgian contingent from Equatorial Africa under the command of General south-east and south towards Yaunde, which had Aymerich and gradually pushed forward from the become the headquarters of the German forces. Finally the main German forces, being almost Allied troops, retreated southwards into the surrounded by the converging advance of the interned, and the isolated garrison of Mora in the Spanish territory of Muni, where they were north then surrendered.

1st April, 1916, the Cameroons was provisionally By an arrangement which came into effect on divided into British and French spheres. The British sphere (about 31,150 square miles in extent) consisted of two portions. The smaller, in the extreme north was intended to include the whole of the Sultanate of Dikwa or German Bornu. The larger consisted of a strip of country bordering on Nigeria, about 400 miles in length and with a maximum width of 80 miles, extending from about 30 miles south of Yola to the Cameroon estuary. It included Buea, the German administrative capital of the Cameroons, and the ports of Victoria, Tiko, and Rio del Rey, and consisted of nearly the whole of the Victoria District, the Kumba (or Johann Albrechtshöhe) District, the Ossidinge District, part of the Chang District, the Bamenda District, and parts of the Banyo and Garua Districts.

The estimated population of the British sphere was about 650,000.

The rest of the Cameroons, about 275,000 square miles, with Duala and Kribi, the chief ports, was assigned to France. Boundary adjustments with the French took place in 1920 in accordance with an agreement signed by Lord Milner and M. Simon on 10th July, 1919. The principal features of these were the transfer to the British of the country west of the Mandara Mountains from the Dikwa Sultanate in the north to the River Tiel in the south, and the transfer of nearly all the Chang District to the French.

The

The British sphere was placed under the control of the Governor of Nigeria, and the parts of the sphere to the north of the Bamenda District were administered by the staffs of the adjoining Nigerian Provinces of Bornu and Yola. Bamenda, Ossidinge, Kumba and Victoria Districts were administered as a separate Cameroons Province with four Divisions (Bamenda, Mamfe, Victoria, Kumba) under a Resident stationed at Buea, responsible to the Governor of Nigeria through the Lieutenant-Governor of the Southern Provinces. The large German cocoa, rubber and banana plantations in the Victoria District, with about 48,000 acres under cultivation, were placed in the charge of a Plantation Department, in order that they might be kept in good order as far as possible until their mode of disposal was settled. They were sold by auction in November, 1924.

By the Treaty of Versailles, Germany renounced in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers all her rights over the Cameroons.

In December, 1920, the British and French Governments submitted to the Council of the League of Nations draft mandates for the British and French spheres with a joint recommendation (dated 17th December, 1920) for the division of

the Cameroons in accordance with the MilnerSimon agreement of 10th July, 1919. In October, 1921, the Council of the League approved in principle the division of the country in accordance with that agreement and the application of the mandate system to those territories, and on 20th July, 1922, after a delay due to negotiations between the United States Government and the Mandatory Powers, the Council confirmed the mandates and defined their terms."

By an Order in Council, dated 1923 and brought into force in February, 1924, and by Nigerian Ordinance No. 3 of 1924, provision was made for the future government of the British Sphere as if it were part of the Protectorate of Nigeria. Under these enactments, the Cameroons Province is administered and legislated for as if it formed one of the Southern Provinces of the Protectorate, while the northern parts are administered and legislated for as if they formed parts of the Northern Provinces of Bornu and Yola; and most of the laws of Nigeria are applied to the British Sphere, subject to the terms of the mandate as regards the few provisions thereof which are not in accordance with ordinary Nigerian law and practice.

Commerce, Industry and Customs. The progress of Nigeria may be illustrated by the fact that in 1904 the total value of imports and exports (excluding specie) was a little over 5 millions sterling, as compared with over 12 millions in 1914, over 27 millions in 1930 and over 35 millions in 1937.

Imports consist chiefly of the following goods, which are arranged alphabetically, and not in order of value :-Aerated waters, bags and sacks, beads, beef, bicycles, biscuits, chemicals and drugs, cigars and cigarettes, kola-nuts, cooper's stores, cotton and woollen goods, cutlery, earthenware, enamelware, firearms, fish, flour, furniture, galvanized iron, gunpowder, haberdashery, hardware, kerosene, matches, motor vehicles, perfumery, rice, rope and twine, salt, silk goods, soap, spirits, stationery, sugar, timber, tobacco, umbrellas, wearing apparel, wines, and a great number of miscellaneous articles. Cottonpiece goods form the principal class in the import table, 3,045,1441. worth being received in 1930, and 4,851,0411. in 1937.

The principal exports are palm kernels, palm oil, tin, gold, coal, hides and skins, ground-nuts, cotton lint, cocoa, mahogany and other timbers, rubber, shea produce and benniseed, while bananas, fresh and dried, are exported from the Cameroons.

The influence of railway extensions in the Northern Provinces is shown by the largely increased exports of ground-nuts, hides and skins, and shea produce. In 1911, the year before the railway to Kano was opened, the total value of these three products shipped overseas was 89,000l. only, as compared with 3,130,2071. for these products in 1930 and 4,917,7527. in 1937. There is also a large increase in cotton goods carried to Kano.

Deposits of lignite and coal have been discovered near Asaba and Udi in the Southern Provinces. A colliery was opened by Government in 1915 at Enugu, the coal won being used by Government Departments or sold to the public. The output for 1930 was 364,844 tons, and 348,214 tons in 1937. Amongst minor products exported from the Colony and Protectorate may be mentioned ebony, copra, gums, piassava fibre, ginger, native cloth, cotton seed and living animals and birds.

For text of the British mandate see Cmd. 1794.

Crops cultivated for home consumption include maize, yams, cassava, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, guinea corn, ground-nuts, rice, millet, tobacco, plantains and bananas, beans of various kinds, etc. Wheat is grown to a small extent in some parts of the Northern Provinces.

Large herds of cattle, sheep, and goats are raised in the Northern Provinces, and in the extreme north, ostriches and camels are bred. Horses and donkeys are bred and are in common use in the northern part of the Protectorate.

The ports served by ocean steamers are, from west to east, Lagos, Forcados and Burutu, Warri, Sapele, Koko Town, Akassa, Bonny, Port Harcourt, Degema, Opobo, Calabar, and Victoria, and Tiko, Cameroons.

Import and export merchants are established at the ports, and also up-country along the main waterways, the Niger, Benue, and Cross Rivers, and at inland railway stations.

The Customs Tariff of Nigeria is mainly specific in character. In 1932 the percentage of the proceeds of specific duties to the total import duties was 72, in 1937 the percentage was 90, the increase being due to the transfer of woven goods from an ad valorem to a specific basis.

Ad valorem duties are imposed on various miscellaneous articles, the rates being 10% or 64% assessable on the price which they would fetch on a sale in the open market at the time of importation. Only articles especially scheduled are dutiable. No Imperial Preference is in operation, existing treaties precluding that possibility.

The tariff imposes export duties on cocoa at 23s. 4d. per ton, on palm kernels at 10s. 6d. per ton, on palm oil at 11s. 6d. per ton, on tin at 38. 4d. per ton, on fresh bananas at 1d. per count bunch and on dried bananas at 2d. per 10 lbs.

Royalties on tin and other metals are chargeable under the Minerals Ordinance.

From the 1st January, 1934, statistics of imports were recorded as from country of origin as opposed to country of consignment in previous years. The following statement shows the percentage of Trade imported into or exported from Nigeria from the undermentioned countries during the year 1936:

in connection with the mining industry. The tin mines are worked by private companies, and the tin is exported via Port Harcourt as is coal.

There are four branch lines: Ifo Junction to Idogo (27 miles); Minna to Baro, on the Niger River (111 miles); Zaria to Kaura Namoda (137 miles) and Zaria to Jos (133 miles of 2ft. 6in. gauge track). The Railway operates road feeder services in the north, the equipment comprising 29 lorries and 28 trailers.

(b) Telegraphs.

A system of inland telegraphs, also owned and operated by Government, connects the majority of the principal towns on the coast and in the interior, and the African Direct Telegraph Company controls a wireless station at Lagos.

(c) Roads.

The Government has constructed a very large number of roads, many of which are suitable for motor traffic, between the headquarter stations of the Provinces, and there are, in addition, many minor roads. The Rivers Niger and Benue are in themselves great natural highways, and in the south there are numerous other navigable waterways, which provide means of communication and transport.

(d) Ports.

The two principal ports are Lagos and Port Harcourt. That of Lagos comprises Lagos Island and the mainland side of the harbour connected by the Carter Bridge. There is no rail connection to Lagos Island, on which side of the harbour is a deepwater wharf and transit sheds for imports and numerous private jetties. The railway maintains a depôt at the import wharf, connection with the mainland railway station being effected by road motor lorry. On the mainland side of the harbour, there is a modern deep-water quay at Apapa with rail and road connections, transit sheds and electric level-luffing cranes; also a wharf at which bulk-oil ships discharge to tanks ashore. The Apapa Quay is capable of very considerable extension as trade may require.

Port Harcourt lies some 60 miles up the Bonny River and comprises a deep-water quay and transit sheds capable of further extension, with rail and road connections. Port Harcourt is the port of export for Nigerian coal which is shipped by belt conveyor or tip, or across the quay.

The two principal inland river ports are Burutu on the Niger and Warri on the Warri River. Both are served from the ocean via Forcados. There is also a river port at Baro some 280 miles up the Niger, and one at Makurdi on the Benue.

Other coastal ports are Calabar and Victoria (Cameroons Mandated Territory).

(e) Aviation.

A main air-line for passengers and mails runs from Khartoum across the desert to Nigeria. There are six well-constructed Nigerian aerodromes at Maiduguri, Kano, Kaduna, Minna, Oshogbo and Lagos (Apapa). Wireless is installed at all aerodromes except Minna. There are direction-finders at Kano and Lagos (Apapa). A meteorological service broadcasts a daily weather report. The mail service extends to Accra and Takoradi in the Gold Coast. It is weekly in both directions, connecting at Khartoum with the London-South Africa mail service.

Religion and Education.

The bulk of the population of the Northern Provinces is Muhammadan, the majority of the remainder being pagan. In the Southern Provinces however, the proportions are reversed: Muhammadan communities occur, especially in the western districts. Missionary societies of various Christian denominations have established many stations with churches and schools throughout the country.

Education in Nigeria is under the control of a Director in Lagos and two Assistant Directors, at Kaduna and Enugu, the headquarters of the Northern and Southern Provinces respectively.

Although there is now one Department of Education for the whole of Nigeria, the unification of the two systems can only be gradual and modifications in curriculum, etc., are necessitated in the Northern Provinces by local conditions.

In the Southern Provinces education work is for the most part carried on by Missionary Societies. There are 36 Government schools, 339 assisted Mission schools in receipt of an annual grant-inaid and 3,086 un-assisted schools (mostly Mission). All schools are controlled by the Department. The above figures include a number of Middle (Secondary) schools and classes and 37 girls' schools. There are 250,473 children in the Elementary Classes, and 4,012 in the Middle Classes of the above schools, most of the latter leaving after reaching the equivalent of Standard 6.

There are also Mission Training Colleges for Teachers, Government Elementary Training Centres, where teachers for Elementary schools are trained, and a Higher College for the vocational training of selected students from the Middle schools.

A new Education Code was introduced in 1926 and revised in 1931. There is a Board of Education on which the interests of Missionary Societies are largely represented.

In the Northern Provinces there are 191 Government Elementary and Middle schools, all of which No school yet covers the full Middle course. are maintained by the Native Administrations. There are also 3 Elementary Training Centres for Teachers and a Higher College. A beginning has been made in girls' education at four centres.

Mission schools total 344 (mostly elementary, in Pagan areas), of whom 22 are assisted, and 39,500 Native Muslim schools where only the Koran is read.

There are approximately 23,125 pupils in Elementary Classes, 1,279 in Middle Classes, and 210,285 in the Native Koran schools.

A separate advisory Board of Education functions in the Northern Provinces.

The total Government expenditure in 1937-38 was £274,065, of which £135,540 was paid in grants to Missions. In addition, the Native Administrations contributed £11,240 in the Southern Provinces and £48,200 in the Northern Provinces.

Constitution.

The territorial divisions of Nigeria are the "Colony of Nigeria," the "Northern Provinces " and the "Southern Provinces." The Northern Provinces and the Southern Provinces together form the Protectorate.

The Government of the Colony of Nigeria is provided for by Letters Patent of 9th December, 1922 (as amended by Letters Patent of 21st October,