the Engines and Boilers. In such case the registered underdeck tonnage is smaller than it would be if the vessel were framed with ordinary floors throughout, the difference being the tonnage of the space between the bottom of the cellular bottom in the part amidships and the level of the ordinary floor. The depth of hold is also measured by the customs officials to the top of the cellular bottom, and this depth is inserted in the register. Under such circumstances, in order to arrive at the coefficient of fineness the vessel would have, if built on the ordinary system throughout and for which the tables are framed, the tonnage of the volume between the top of the cellular bottom and the level of the ordinary floor should be calculated and added to the registered under-deck tonnage. The tonnage so corrected used in conjunction with the depth of hold to the top of the ordinary floor, gives the coefficient to be used in the tables. (d) Vessel Constructed with a Cellular Bottom Throughout the the Fore and After Holds, but with Floors of the Ordinary Kind Fitted for a Part of the Length Amidships Under the Engines and Boilers. In such a case the tonnage of the space between the top of the ordinary floors in the part amidships and the top of the cellular bottom, if made continuous, should be estimated and deducted from the registered under-deck tonnage and the remainder employed in conjunction with the depth of hold to the top of the cellular bottom in determining the coefficient of fineness. (e) Other cases may in practice arise in which the registered under-deck tonnage, or the registered depth of hold, or registered breadth require modification before being used in the determination of the coefficient of fineness, but little difficulty will be experienced in making the necessary correction if it be remembered that the coefficient sought is the coefficient the vessel would have if framed on the ordinary transverse system. 5. MOULDED DEPTH. The moulded depth of an iron or steel vessel, as given in the tables, is the perpendicular depth taken from the top of the upper deck beam at side, at the middle of the length of the vessel, to the top of the keel and the bottom of the frame at the middle line, except in spar- and awningdeck vessels, in which the depth is measured from the top of the main-deck beams. In wooden and composite vessels the moulded depth is taken to be the perpendicular depth from the top of the upper-deck beam at the side of the vessel amidships to the lower edge of the rabbet at the keel. (a) The form at the lower part of the midship transverse section of many wooden and composite vessels being of a hollow character, as in cases where thick garboard strakes are fitted, the moulded depth in such instances should be measured from the point where the line of the flat of the bottom continued cuts the keel. 6. FREEBOARD. The moulded depth, taken as above described, is that used in the tables for ascertaining the amount of reserve buoyancy and corresponding freeboard in vessels having a wood deck, and the freeboard is measured from the top of the wood deck at side, at the middle of the length of the vessel. (a) On the same principle, in flush-deck vessels, other than spar or awning decked, and in vessels fitted with short poop and forecastle, having an iron upper deck, not covered with wood, the usual thickness of a wood deck should be deducted from the moulded depth of the vessel measured as above, and the amount of reserve buoyancy and corresponding freeboard taken from the column in the tables corresponding with this diminished moulded depth: Example. In a steamer fitted with an iron upper deck, not covered with wood, and having a moulded depth of 19 ft. 10 ins., four inches, or the usual thickness of a wood deck, must be deducted from this, leaving a depth of 19 ft. 6 ins. The freeboard of such a vessel with a coefficient of fineness of 0.76, taken from the column under 19 ft. 6 ins., is 3 ft. 81⁄2 ins., which should be measured from the top of the iron upper deck. (b) In spar-deck vessels having iron spar decks and in awningdeck vessels having iron main decks, the freeboard required by the tables should be measured as if those decks were wood covered. Also in vessels where, or more, of the main deck is covered by substantial erections, the freeboard found from the tables should be measured amidships from a wood deck, whether the deck be of wood or iron. In applying this principle to vessels having shorter lengths of substantial enclosed erections the reduction in freeboard, in consideration of its being measured from the iron deck, is to be regulated in proportion to the length of the deck covered by such erections. Thus in a vessel having erections covering of the length, the reduction is of 3 inches, or 2 inches. 7. For vessels which trim very much by the stern, through the engines being fitted aft, the freeboard, as ascertained from the tables, if set off amidships would not cut off the amount of surplus buoyancy deemed necessary, and in such cases the suitable freeboard amidships could only be determined after full information is obtained regarding the vessel's trim. 8. The following example will illustrate the general application of the tables: In a steamer of the following dimensions, viz., length, 204 ft.; breadth extreme, 29 ft.; depth of hold, 16.0 ft.; registered tonnage under deck, 628 tons; and moulded depth, 17.0 ft.; the under deck capacity in cubic feet is 68,200; by dividing this by 94,656, that is, the product of the length, breadth, and depth of hold, the quotient is 0.72, or the coefficient of fineness. If we now refer to Table A at 17.0 ft. moulded depth and trace the line opposite the coefficient 0.72 to the column corresponding with this depth, it is found that the winter freeboard given for a first-class steam vessel without erections, whose length is twelve times the moulded depth, is 2 ft. 11 ins., corresponding with a reserve buoyancy of 25 per cent of the total bulk. For vessels whose 9. VESSELS OF EXTREME PROPORTIONS. length is greater or less than that of the vessel of the same moulded depth for which the tables are framed, the freeboard should be increased or diminished as specified in the footnote to the tables. Thus, if the vessel in the example clause 8 were 224 ft. long, the winter freeboard required would be 2 ft. 11 ins. plus 2 ins. or 3 ft. 1 in. For steam vessels coming under paragraphs 11 and 12 with enclosed erections extending over, or more, of the length of the vessel, the correction for length should be one-half that specified in Tables A. 10. BREADTH AND DEPTH. In framing the tables it has been assumed that the relation between the breadth and depth is such as to ensure safety at sea with the freeboard assigned when the vessel is laden with homogeneous cargo; for vessels of less relative breadth the freeboard should be so increased as to provide a sufficient range of stability, or other means adopted to secure the same. 11. ERECTIONS ON DECK. - For steam vessels with topgallant forecastles having long poops, or raised quarter-decks connected with bridge-houses, covering in the engine and boiler openings, the latter being entered from the top, and having an efficiently constructed iron bulkhead at the fore end, a deduction may be made from the freeboard given in the tables, according to the following scale: (a) When the combined length of the poop, or raised quarterdeck, bridge-house, and top-gallant forecastle is: 95 of the length of the vessel, deduct 90 per cent of the difference between freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. of the length of the vessel, deduct 85 per cent of the difference between freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. 85 of the length of the vessel, deduct 80 per cent of the difference between freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. of the length of the vessel, deduct 70 per cent of the difference between freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. of the length of the vessel, deduct 55 per cent of the difference between freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. 1% of the length of the vessel, deduct 40 per cent of the difference between freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. When the engine and boiler openings are protected only by a long raised quarter-deck, a less reduction in freeboard will be allowed. (b) For intermediate lengths of erections the amount of the reduction in freeboard should be ascertained by interpolation. (c) The above scale of allowance is prepared for vessels having long poops or raised quarter-decks 3 ft. high for vessels having a length of 100 ft., 4 ft. high at a length of 250 ft., and 6 ft. high at a length of 400 ft. and upwards. Intermediate lengths in proportion. For raised quarter-decks of less height the length allowed is to be in proportion to the standard of height. (d) It is to be understood in the application of this scale of allowance for erections on deck to vessels with long poops or with raised quarter-decks and bridge-houses combined, that the deduction is a maximum deduction, applicable only to vessels of these types in which the erections are of a most substantial character, the deck openings most effectually protected, and the crew are either berthed in the bridge-house, or the arrangements to enable them to get backwards and forwards from their quarters are of a satisfactory character. For other vessels of the same class the amount of the deduction should be fixed only after a careful survey. Also such vessels when employed in the Atlantic trade will require to have specially provided greater freeboard than that given in the tables. (e) A sufficient number of clearing ports, as large as practicable and with shutters properly hung, should be formed in the bulwarks of these vessels, between the forecastle and the bridge-house for the purpose of speedily clearing this part of the deck of water. 12. When the erections on a vessel consist of a top-gallant forecastle, a short poop having an efficient bulkhead, and bridge-house disconnected, the latter in steamers covering the engine and boiler openings and being efficiently enclosed with an iron bulkhead at each end, a deduction may be made from the freeboard given in the tables according to the following scale: (a) When the combined length of the erection is: 95 1% of the length of the vessel, deduct 75 per cent of the difference between freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. 90 fo of the length of the vessel, deduct 70 per cent of the difference between freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. 80 100 of the length of the vessel, deduct 60 per cent of the difference between the freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. 70 10% of the length of the vessel, deduct 50 per cent of the difference between the freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. 60 10% of the length of the vessel, deduct 40 per cent of the difference between the freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer) and Tables C. 50 of the length of the vessel, deduct 32 per cent of the difference between the freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer and length) and Tables C (after correction for length). 13. When the erections on a vessel consist of a top-gallant forecastle and bridge-house only, the latter in steamers covering the engine and boiler openings and being efficiently enclosed with an iron bulkhead at each end, a deduction may be made from the freeboard given in the tables according to the following scale: (a) When the combined length of the erections is: of the length of the vessel, deduct 30 per cent of the difference between the freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer and length) and Tables C (after correction for length). of the length of the vessel, deduct 24 per cent of the difference between the freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer and length) and Tables C (after correction for length). of the length of the vessel, deduct 10 per cent of the difference between the freeboards in Tables A (after correction for sheer and length) and Tables C (after correction for length). 14. When the erections on a steam vessel consist of a short poop or raised quarter-deck of a height not less than that laid down in paragraph 11 and top-gallant forecastle only, the |