to express their Character; when he calls the Tufcan, the gigantic; the Doric, the Herculean; the Ionic, the matronal the Compofite, the heroic; and the Corinthian, the virginal.

To give a general Idea of the Orders; it must be obferved, that the whole of each Order is compofed of two Parts at the leaft, viz. the Column and Entablature; and of four Parts at the moft, when there is a Pedestal under the Column, and an Acroter, or little Pedeftal, atop of the Entablature: that the Column has three Parts, viz. the Bafe, the Shaft, and the Capital; the Entablature has three likewife, viz. the Architrave, the Frieze, and Cornice: which Parts are all different in the several Orders.

Tufcan Order is the first, most fimple, and folid: its Column is feven Diameters high; and its Capital, Bafe, and Entablature, have but few Mouldings, or Ornaments. See the Plate Fig. 1.

Doric Order, is the fecond, and the moft agreeable to Nature. It has no Ornament on its Bafe, or in its Capital. Its Height is eight Diameters. Its Frieze is divided by Triglyphs and Metopes. See the Plate Fig. 2.

Ionic Order is the third; and a kind of mean Proportional between the folid, and delicate Manner. Its Capital is adorned with Volutes, and its Cornice with Denticles. Plate Fig. 3.

See the

Mich. Angelo, contrary to all other Authors, gives the Ionic a fingle Row of Leaves at the Bottom of the Capital.

Corinthian Order, invented by Callimachus, is the fourth, the richest, and moft delicate. Its Capital is adorned with two Rows of Leaves, and eight Volutes, which sustain the Abacus. Its Column is ten Diameters high, and its Cornice has Modillions. See the Plate Fig. 4.

Compofite Order, the fifth and laft, (though Scamozzi and Le Clerc make it the fourth) is fo called, because its Capital is compofed out of thofe of the other Orders; having the two Rows of Leaves of the Corinthian, and the Volutes of the Ionic. It is alfo called the Roman, because invented among that People. Its Column is ten Diameters high; and its Cornice has Denticles, or fimple Modillions. See the Plate Fig. 5.

There are feveral Arts fubfervient to Architecture, as Carpentry, Mafonry, Paving, Joinery, Smithery, Glaziery, Plumbery, Plaftering, Gilding, Painting, &c.

In Building there are three Things chiefly in View, viz. Conveniency, Firmnefs, and Delight.-To attain thefe Ends,

Sir

Sir Henry Wotton confiders the whole Subject under two Heads, viz. the Seat or Situation, and the Work or Structure.

For the Situation of a Building, either that the Whole is to be confidered, or that of its Parts.-As to the first, regard is to be had to the Quality, Temperature, and Salubrity of the Air; the Conveniency of Water, Fuel, Carriage, &c. and the Agreeableness of the Profpect.

For the fecond, the chief Rooms, Studies, Libraries, &c. are to lie towards the Eaft: Offices that require Heat, as Kitchens, Diftillatories, Brew-houses, &c. to the South: thofe that require a cool fresh Air, as Cellars, Pantries, Granaries, &c. to the North: as alfo Galleries for Painting, Museums, &c. which require a fteady Light.-He adds, that the ancient Greeks and Romans generally fituated the Front of their Houses to the South: but that modern Italians vary from this Rule.-Indeed, in this Matter, Regard muft ftill be had to the Country; each being obliged to provide against its respective Inconveniencies: fo that a good Parlour in Egypt, might make a good Cellar in England. The Situation being fixed on, the next thing to be confidered is the

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Work or Structure of the BUILDING, under which come first the principal Parts, then the Acceffories, or Ornaments.To the Principals, belong first, the Materials; then the Form, or Difpofition.

The Materials of a BUILDING, are either Stone, as Marble, Free-ftone, Brick for the Walls, &c. or Wood, as Firr, Cyprefs, Cedar, for Pofts and Pillars of upright Ufe; Oak for Beams, Summers, and for joining and Connection.

For the Form or Difpofition of a BUILDING, it must either be fimple or mixed.-The fimple Forms are either circular or angular: and the circular ones are either compleat, as just Spheres; or deficient, as Ovals.

The circular Form is very commodious, of the greatest Capacity of any; ftrong, durable beyond the reft, and very beautiful; but then it is found of all others the most chargeable; much Room is loft in the Bending of the Walls, when it comes to be divided; befides an ill Diftribution of Light, except from the Center of the Roof: on thefe Confiderations it was, that the Ancients only used the circular Form in Temples and Amphitheaters, which needed no Compartition.-Oval Forms have the fame Inconveniencies, without the fame Conveniencies; being of lefs Capacity.

For angular Figures, Sir Henry Wotton obferves, that Building neither loves many, nor few Angles: the Triangle, v. gr. is condemned above all others, as wanting Capacity and Firmncís; as alfo, because irrefolvable into any other re

gular

gular Figure in the inward Partitions, befides its own.-For Figures of five, fix, seven, or more Angles, they are fitter for Fortifications than civil Buildings. There is, indeed, a celebrated Building of Vignola, at Caprarola, in Form of a Pentagon; but the Architect had prodigious Difficulties to grapple with, in difpofing the Lights, and faving the Vacuities. Such Buildings then, feem rather for Curiofity than Conveniency: and for this Reafon, Rectangles are pitched on, as being a Medium between the two Extremes. But again, whether the Rectangle is to be just a Square or an Oblong, is difputed? Sir Henry Wotton prefers the latter, provided the Length do not exceed the Breadth by above one third.

Mixed Figures, partly circular and partly angular, may be judged of from the Rules of the fimple ones; only they have this particular Defect, that they offend against Uniformity. Indeed Uniformity and Variety may feem to be oppofite to each other: But Sir H. Wotton obferves, they may be reconciled; and for an Inftance, mentions the Structure of the human Body where both meet. Thus much for the firft grand Divifion, viz. the Whole of a Building.

The Parts of a BUILDING, Baptifta Alberti comprises under five Heads, viz. the Foundation, Walls, Apertures, Compartition, and Gover.

For the Foundation, to examine its Firmness, Vitruvius orders the Ground to be dug up; an apparent Solidity not to be trufted to, unless the whole Mould cut through be found folid he does not indeed limit the Depth of the Digging; Palladio limits it to a fixth Part of the Height of the Building: this Sir Henry Wotton calls the natural Foundation, whereon is to ftand the Subftruction, or Ground-work, to fupport the Walls, which he calls the artificial Foundation: this then is to be the Level; its loweft Ledge, or Row, of Stone only, clofe laid with Mortar, and the broader the better; at the leaft, twice as broad as the Wall: laftly, fome add, that the Materials below fhould be laid juft as they grow in the Quarry; as fuppofing them to have the greatest Strength in their natural Pofture. De Lorme enforces this, by obferving, that the breaking or yielding of a Stone in this Part, but the Breadth of the back of a Knife, will make a Cleft of above half a Foot in the Fabric above.-For Pallification, or piling the GroundPlot, fo much commended by Vitruvius, we fay nothing; that being required only in a moift marfhy Ground, which should never be chofen: nor perhaps are there any Inftances of this Kind, where it was not Neceffity that drove them to it. VOL. I.

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