principal an agent therein, that fpeech itself, and all the variety thereof, doth among all forts of men go by the name of tongue; There "were in the days of the apoftles dwelling at Jerufalem devout men out of every nation under heaven, Acts ii. 5. and they all faid, we do hear them Speak, ταῖς ἡμητέραις γλώσσαις, in our own tongues, the wonderful works of God, ver. 11. And this great miracle, both as unto hearing, and alfo unto fpeaking, is introduced by the appearance of cloven tongues, ver. 3. to fhew that the chiefeft inftrument of the voice was to be acted by the Holy Ghoft; For they began to speak with other tongues as the Spirit gave them utterance, ver. 4. Among the many expreffions that the word of God abounds with, for the confirmation of this truth, I cannot but take special notice of that of David, where he faith, There is not a word in my tongue, but thou knoweft it altogether, Pfal. cxxxix. 4. As if that member alone kept the power of words within itself, and ordered them all according to its own pleasure; and where there is an inability of speaking, it is aptly faid, fuch perfons are tongue-tied, and when that faculty is again restored, it is faid, the tongue is loofed, Mat. vii. 35. and fo was it with Zacharias, concerning whom, after he had been dumb for a season, it is faid, his mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue loofed, and he spake and praised God, Luke i. 64.

The third inftrument towards the formation of the voice is the palate of the mouth, for befide, that fome particular letters and words are formed more immediately against this part, it doth alfo give ftrength and clearness to the whole voice, and to all the words that are pronounced in the mouth. And this it doth the better do, because the tenuous bone that makes the palate, is an arched roof, covered over with a nervous skin, corrugated with feveral afperities, for the better retaining and rebounding the air in the voice. And all our places dedicated to Divine Service, are made of the fame concamerated form on the top of them, (questionless in imitation hereof) for the better founding and echoing forth both of vocal and inftrumental mufick. And befide the bone which conftitutes the palate, there is a little fleshy part, which is called the uvula, that doth fo much contribute to the voice, that it deservedly retains the name of plectrum vocis * That the palate or roof of the mouth is a great inftrument in fpeaking, is fufficiently proved by the defect thereof, for if there be the leaft fault in this part, there presently fucceeds a faltering in the speech. So that a man may say to any fon of Venus, who hath followed her deftructive enticements to this imperfection, Thou also art one of them, thy speech bewrayeth thee. This part, together with that last mentioned,

Paulus Egineta, 1. 6. c. 51.

tioned, is taken notice of, as ferviceable unto fpeech, by Job, when he faith, The nobles held their peace, and their tongue cleaved to the roof of their mouth, Job xxix. 10. And God himself faith unto the Prophet, I will make thy tongue cleave to the roof of thy mouth that thou shalt be dumb, Ezek. iii. 26.

Fourthly, The teeth, and especially the four fore-teeth, are very inftrumental to our fpeech; dentition and locution are for the most part contemporaries; toothing and speaking usually come, and go together; the child cannot speak till he put forth his teeth, neither can he speak well, when he sheds them, nor leave his lifping till they come again. And the reason of it is, because there are many words that are pronounced by the dilatation of the tip of the tongue, and clapping of it against the teeth, which any man may easily experiment in himfelf, if he will but gently affay to pronounce any word that hath th together in it; and all those operators that live by setting in of artificial teeth, do obferve that they have more come to them upon the account of their speech, than for all other ends whatsoever; and indeed this ingenious help of art, doth in no other defect of nature make fuch compleat reparation.

The last inftruments of the voice are the lips; even as the afpera arteria (as was faid) gave the first articulation, fo thefe do give the ultimate completion to our words; fo that when they

have once flipped this guard, we can have no more power over them. Nefcit vox missa, reverti: that which is gone out of thy lips thou shalt perform, faith the Lord, Deut. xxiii. 23. How exceedingly inftrumental the lips are to speaking, the scripture doth abundantly prove, He that will love life, and fee good days, let him refrain his tongue from evil, and his lips that they fpeak no guile, 1 Pet. iii. 10. Hence is it, that as the words are, fo the lips are often faid to be: therefore we read of flattering, feigned, lying, unclean, ftammering lips, &c. Pfal. xii. 2; xvii. 1; xxxi. 18; Isa. vi. 5 ; xxviii. 11. And again, words are elsewhere called, the fruit of the lips; Let us offer the facrifice of praise to God, that is the fruit of the lips, Heb. xiii. 15, Ifa. lvii. 19. And thefe are the second sort of organs that conduce to vocal musick, namely, those that form the found unto a voice.

The third are those that modulate this voice into mufick; and although it here must always be acknowledged, that every one of the parts before mentioned do also contribute something towards modulation; yet the more proper and peculiar inftruments thereof are the cartilaginous parts of the afpera arteria, or the windpipe; and especially those which are termed, the larynx and the glottis. The larynx is the head of the windpipe, which although it be but a very little part, yet doth consist of more variety of compounding parts, than any other whatsoever;

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as little as it is, it hath thirteen muscles belonging unto it, most of which are framed only for the modulation of the voice; fome fhut the pipe, fome open it, fome dilate, fome contract it; fo that acting feverally, or jointly according as there is occafion, they do wonderfully conduce to the variation of the tone. It hath moreover five cartilages, whofe fubftance and confiftence is most apt of all other whatsoever, for the dividing of a found; fome of them are moveable, some immoveable, fome of one form, fome of another, that they may the better contain the air; and alter and break the voice into melody. Befide it hath certain glandules belonging unto it, which by their viscous moisture do so irrigate, and as it were oil the pipe, that it takes off the harshness that otherwife would be found, and adds much sweetness and pleafantnefs to the mufick. The glottis is reckoned among the cartilages before mentioned, yet because it is the principal inftrument of modulation, we cannot but take most special notice of it. And it therefore bears its name, because what eminency the tongue hath above the reft in reference to our speech, the fame hath this part in reference to our finging; for the air being preffed forth from the lungs, this part riseth up to meet it, embraceth it, plays with it, and by a certain innate property of its own, without the help of mufcles, alters it, divides it, at its own pleasure, into all that diverfity of amplifi