§ 154.

E. Deuteronomy.

This book consists of the following parts:

I. Chap. i.-iv. 40. An admonitory harangue of Moses, with an historical notice appended; iv. 41-43. II. Some new laws of Moses, beginning with a similar admonition; iv. 44—xxvi. 19.

III. Pledge to observe the Law; the blessing and the curse; xxvii.-xxx.

it

IV. Moses' departure and death; xxxi.—xxxiv.

By far the greater part belongs to one author, and, as appears, to the Jehovistic, of which it has numerous characteristic marks."

7, the

The following characteristics of that document occur: strong hand; iii. 25, iv. 34, vi. 21, vii. 19, ix. 26, xi. 2, xxxiv. 12. As the stars; i. 10, x. 22, xxviii. 62. Flowing with milk and honey; vi. 3, xi. 9, xxvi. 9, 15, xxvii. 3, xxxi. 20; comp. xxxii. 13, 14. Judges,

; i. 15, xvi. 18, xx. 5,

House of Jeho

To put in the For a sign on the

8, 9, xxix. 9, xxxi. 28, Ex. v. 6-10, 14, 15, Num. xi. 16. vah, ; xxiii. 19, as in Ex. xxiii. 19, and xxxiv. 26. mouth; xviii. 8, as Ex. iv. 15, Num. xxii. 38, xxiii. 5. hand and the frontlet ; vi. 8, xi. 18-20, as in Ex. xiii. 9, 16. 20, as in Ex. xxiii. 28. Enumeration of the Canaanites; xx. 17. as in Ex. xiii. 4, xxiii. 15, xxxiv. 18: xxxii. 11, is like Ex. xix. 4; vi. 25, and xxiv. 13, are like Gen. xv. 6.

The hornet ; vii.

Abib; xvi. 1,

There are some historical marks, viz.: pillar of cloud, xxxi. 15. Joshua is the servant of Moses, i. 38. The historical references and reminiscences relate chiefly to the Jehovistic documents. Thus i. 22-25, refers to Num. xiii. 21-26; verse 35, and Num. xiv. 23, are almost literally the same.

Deut. 1. 22-25, 35. "Surely there shall not one of these men of this evil generation see that good land, which I sware to give unto your fathers, save Caleb," &c. Ver. 39. "Moreover your little ones which ye said would be a prey," &c.

Num. xiii. 21-26, xiv. 23. "Surely they shall not see the land which I sware unto their fathers," &c. "But my servant Caleb," &c. Ver. 31. "But your little ones," &c.

17 is used in verse 44, as in xiv. 45: i. 33, refers to Num. x. 33; ii. 1

There are some peculiarities of the Law, similar to those in the Jehovistic documents."

However, the following passages, iv. 41, sqq., and x. 6-9, are perhaps interpolations. The document "Elohim" reappears in a passage in the latter part of the book; xxxii. 48—52.'

22, to Num. xxi. xxxii. 33, sqq. Sihon and Og appear, xxix. 6, xxxi. 4; iv. 9—36, and v. 2-5; 23-31 refers to Ex. xix. xxiv; (compare also xviii. 16, 17, with Ex. xx. 16;) vi. 22, xi. 3, xxix. 1, 2, refer to Ex. vii. 8—xi. 10; ix. 8, sqq., x. 1, sqq., refer to Ex. xxxii.—xxxiv.; ix. 12, is like Ex. xxxii. 7, 8; ix. 22, refers to Ex. xvii. 7, and Num. xi. 8, sqq. ; xi. 6, to Num. xvi. 25, sqq.; xi. 4, to Ex. xiv.; xiii. 5, agrees with Num. xxii.-xxiv. ; xxix. 9, with Num. xii.; xxix. 22, and xxxii. 32, refer to Gen. xix. and xiv. 2, 3.

a

Num. xvi. 1-8, law of the passover, is like Ex. xiii. 3-10. Here the seventh day of the passover is a feast; the cooking of the passover is contrary to Ex. xii. 9: xvi. 16, the three annual feasts, when they appear before Jehovah, are mentioned as in Ex. xxiii. 17, and xxxiv. 20, 23; though the phrase also appears, xxxi. 11: xiv. 21, "Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk," is like Ex. xxiii. 19, xxxiv. 26: xv. 12-18, the law of voluntary slaves, is like Ex. xxi. 1-11, and different from Levit. xxv. 39, 40. The command to take care of your neighbor's cattle, xxii. 1—4, is like Ex. xxiii. 4, 5. The law against kidnappers, xxiv. 7, is like Ex. xxi. 16; that about pledges, xxiv. 12, 13, like Ex. xxii. 15. The conduct of Amalek, xxv. 17-19, agrees with Ex. xvii. 14. The contents of Gen. xxxviii. are presupposed in xxv. 5, 6. The altar of unhewn stones, xxvii. 5, is like Ex. xx. 22: the Canaanites and their idolatry are spoken of in vii. 5, 19-26, xii. 2, 3, xx. 17, as in Ex. xxiii. 24, sqq., xxxiv. 11, sqq. The Euphrates is mentioned as the border of the land, i. 7, xi. 24. Some civil laws, — that of lease and release, xv. 1, sqq.; of civil action, xvi. 18, sqq. Laws of war, xx.; of female captives, xxi. 11, sqq.; of stray cattle, xxii. 1, sqq.; of illegitimate children, xxiii. 1, sqq., agree with Ex. xxi. 1, sqq.

-

This is like Num. xxvii. 12-23; though it has the phrase "A BAIYO in, verse 48. However, part of this appears as a repetition. Ewald, Tuch, and others, consider xxxiii. as Elohistic, of which fact Urim and Thummim are signs. But Massah, in the same verse, is Jehovistic. Verse 9 refers to Ex. xxiii. 25, sqq.; the bush, verse 16, to Ex. iii. 2. The whole passage is an imitation of Gen. xlix. Chap. xxxiv. 1–9, is Elohistic. In verse 8, they mourned for Moses thirty days, as they had done for Aaron: this refers to Num. xx. 29. Verse 9, "And Joshua was full of the spirit of wisdom, for Moses had laid his hands upon him,” is like Num. xxvii. 18, 23, “ And Jehovah said unto Moses, 'Take thee Joshua,...... a man in whom is the Spirit, and lay thy hand upon him,' ...... and he laid his hands upon him," &c.

§ 155.

Same Subject continued.

If Deuteronomy was written by the author of the Jehovistic fragments in the earlier books, then the Pentateuch, in its present form, has not been produced by compiling and revising, or recasting, various documents, at different times, as some have supposed," but it is the result of a recension or compilation," made all at once. But, in this case, we must admit the use of Jehovistic documents which were written at another time."

The author of the Elohistic fragments also seems to have made use of some foreign documents, and some, likewise, of his own, but written at a previous time. He seems to use the writings of another in Gen. xlix., Num. xxxiii. 1-49, as it might be inferred from verse 2. He seems to use his own earlier compositions in Ex. xxxv. 1-3, Levit. xix. xxvi. 1, sqq. From this cause proceed some of the contradictions and repetitions mentioned above."

But verses 10-12 are Jehovistic. Verse 10 says, Jehovah knew Moses face to face, as in Num. xii. 8, “ with him will I speak mouth to mouth, even apparently, and not in dark speeches; and the similitude of Jehovah shall he behold." Verse 11, all the signs and wonders, refers to Ex. vii. 8-xi. 10; and the strong hand (pin) appears, verse 12.

Ewald in Stud. und Krit. for 1831, p. 602. Bleek, in Rosenmüller, Rep. vol. i. p. 48, sqq. Stähelin, Genes. p. 105.

Stahelin, Stud. und Krit. 1835, p. 474. Tuch, Gen. lxxvii., sqq. Von

Bohlen, Gen. p. cxc. Bleek, Program. for 1836, p. 6.

Tuch admits this, in Gen. xiv.; Bleek, in ii. 3-iv. 24, which differs too much from chap. i. to be the work of one who wished merely to finish the work. Probably this was the case with Gen. xv.

see marks of a compilation in Num. xvi. 1, sqq.

d § 152, 153.

(Compare also xvii.) We

§ 156.

Same Subject continued.

But if this view of the origin of Deuteronomy is not destroyed, it is at least modified by the following considerations:

1. In addition to the Jehovistic style, this book has some peculiarities of its own, not only in forms of speech and words. There is a diffuse fulness of words, which can scarcely be explained from the rhetorical design of the author."

787; 1.35, pat;

; i. 8, 21,

"The following are some of the peculiar phrases of the book: To put away the evil, 9, (xiii. 6, xvii. 7, &c.,) occurs seven times; compare Judg. xx. 13. Take heed to thyself, 737 and 3 ¬¬zn; iv. 9, 23, viii. 11, xi. 16, xii. 19, 30. However, Ex. xxiii. 13, 21, is similar. Keep to do, b; v. 1, 29, vi. 3, 12, 25, viii. 1, xi. 32, xii. 1, xiii. 1, xv. 5, xvi. 19, xix. 9, xxiv. 8, xxviii. 1, 15, 18. The good land, a iii. 25, iv. 22, vi. 18, viii. 7, 10, ix. 6, xi. 17. Cleave to Jehovah, iv. 4, x. 20, xi. 22, xiii. 5, xxx. 20. To give before them, ii. 31, 33, 36, vii. 2, 23, xxiii. 15, xxxi. 5; compare xxviii. 7, 25. in the sense of expel; vi. 19, ix. 4. Commandments, statutes, and judgments, bizan, D¬bban brpan; v. 31, vi. 1, 17, 20, vii. 11, viii. 11, xi. 1, xxvii. 17, xxx. 16. To put the hand upon business, ¬¬¬ 22; xii. 7, xv. 10, xxiii. 21, xxviii. 8, 20. Work of the hands, 77 72; ii. 7, xiv. 29, xxiv. 19, xxviii. 12, xxx. 9. As it is this day, ; ii. 30, iv. 20, viii. 18, x. 15, xxix. 27 373, for 773; iii. 24, v. 21, ix. 16, xi. 2, xxxii. 3. 27, as infinitive absolute; ix. 21, xiii. 15, xvii. 4, xix. 8, xxvii. 8. Loves of the flock,

1029; vii. accusative; iv. 31, xxxi. 6, 8. *,

13, xxviii. 4, 18, 51., with the in Hiphil; xiii. 6, 11, 14; in Niphal; iv. 19, xix. 5, xxx. 17. nann*; ii. 5, 9, 19, 24. Feminine forms of the infinitive, not merely, also

*

but

seem

; xi. 22, xxx. 20. ; i. 27, ix. 28. Heaven of heavens, God of gods, &c. See 1 Kings viii. 27, 2 Ch. ii. 5. — The words marked conformable to the later usage, as well as the forms 1, for , and ; xxxii. 36. is, for ; xxviii. 57. (), future Hiphil of; xxxii. 18.

for this 777; xxxiii. 24.

a; xxviii. 21, 36.

Others agree with the style of Jeremiah, 7; xxviii. 25, Jer. xv. 4, xxiv.

2. The author allows himself to make striking alterations, and sometimes contradicts himself, not only in those passages where he has regard to the Elohistic accounts of the earlier history, and which were more foreign to his manner, but likewise where he might keep in his own course.

The following are examples of the first kind:—

Chap. i. 6—19, relates the appointment of officers, and so is parallel with Ex. xviii. : —

"So I took the chief of your tribes, wise men and known, and made them heads over you, captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains over tens, and officers among your tribes."

This is in part taken verbally from Ex. xviii. 21 :

"Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens."

The following passage (verses 6-8) is not in the former document, and is put too early in Deuteronomy: "Jehovah our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount; turn you, and take your journey and go to the mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places nigh thereunto in the plain, in the hills, and in the vale, and in the south, and by the sea-side, to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon, unto the great river, the River Euphrates. Behold, I have set the land before you; go in and possess the land which Jehovah sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give unto them, and to their seed after them.""

9, xxix. 18, xxxiv. 17. 370 77; xiii. 6, as Jer. xxvii. 16, xxix. 32. xxxii. 25, Jer. xv. 7, Lam. i. 20. 37; xxix. 18, Jer. iii. 17, vii. 24, ix. 13, xi. 8. Von Bohlen (p. clxvii.) makes too much of this agreement. See, on the other hand, König, Alt. Test. Stud. vol. ii. p. 12, sqq. De Wette, Diss. de Deut.; 1805. Opusc. p. 155. Gesenius, 1. c. p. 32. Hartmann, Hist. Krit. Forsch. p. 660, sqq. But it may be observed that Engel's theory fails in the passages related to Ex. xxiii. 30, sqq., namely, i. 30, vii. 20, sqq., xi. 13, sqq.