tem in, 255; its applicability to England, ib.
Ireland, survey of, by Colonel Colby, cxviii. 389; Ordnance survey used as the basis of local assessment, 399
the 'Scoti' in, cxix. 176; misgovernment of, under Elizabeth, 269; continual emigration from, 279; not due to recent misgovern- ment, ib.; modern legislative re- forms in, 280; effects of educa- tion in promoting emigration in, 282; state of manufactures in the seventeenth century, 284 note; condition of the people in 1834, 285; alleged proselytism in na- tional schools, 285 note; home remittances of emigrants from, 286; density of its population com- pared with parts of England, 287; advance in wages, 290; relations of peasants and proprietors, 291; benefits of the Landed Estates Court, 292; sale of encumbered estates, 293; recent increase both of estates and proprietors, 294; substitution of capitalist farmers for cottiers, 295; changes in agriculture, ib.; alleged deteriora- tion of the soil, 296; decline in the productiveness of crops other- wise explained, ib.; succession of bad seasons, 297; effects of free- trade on farming, 298; causes of decrease in live stock, 299; in- crease in area of arable land, 300; railway property and banks, 301; assimilation of agricultural system with that of England, 302; 'heroic remedies' deprecated, 303; evils of long leases of farms at low rents, 304; need of an en- lightened public opinion, ib. See Irish Land
conveyance of mails to, cxx. 89; advantages of, for horse- breeding, 116; Whately's objec- tions to the office of Lord-Lieu- tenant, 402, 404
Ireland, desolate appearance of, in 1690, cxxi. 516
hostility to England wrongly ascribed to the Reformation, cxxii. 519; papal introduction of tithes, ib.; neglected materials for his- tory of, 520; the massacre of 1641, 521; the Newry massacre, 522; desperate character of the Rebellion, ib.; Cromwell's cam- paign in, 524; Act of 1653, ib.; provision for the adventurers, 525; transplantations, 526; difficulties of the commissioners, 527; settle- ment of soldiery, 528; restrictions on intermarriage, ib; scheme of replanting, 529; rapid growth of prosperity, 530; defect of Crom- well's plantation, 531; Scotch settlers, ib.; prompt suppression of recent Fenianism, 532
a broad field for social and political problems, cxxvi. 524; disordered state of, in 1835, 532; salutary administration of Lord Normanby, 534; reform of the constabulary, 536; prosecutions at Quarter Sessions by responsible officials, 537; abolition of pe- remptory challenging of juries in criminal trials by the Crown, ib.; Railway Commission of 1836, 538
-Ultramontane Church govern- ment in, cxxviii. 280; concurrent endowment proposed by Duke of Wellington, 281; the scheme re- jected by the Roman Catholics, ib.; disruption in 1846-8 of the old landed system, 328; insecurity of tenant-right by small farmers, 329; the Ribbon Code, 330; Lord Rosse's views of coercion, 332; remediary land legislation pro- posed, 333; religious antipathies in society, 334; recent general causes of disaffection, 335; sedi- tion fomented by the priests, 337; stipendiary and local magistrates, 345; national schools neglected
by Protestants, 346; anecdote of recent lawlessness, 347 (see Senior, Mr. Nassau); Mr. Maguire's motion of 1868 on the state of, 566; Lord Mayo's statement of policy, 568; he announces denominational education and Catholic endowment, 571 Ireland, importance of studying
social life in, for legislative purposes, cxxix. 103 (see Trench, W. Steuart); need of firmness and justice in policy to, 125; absurdity of governing by 'Irish ideas,' ib. ; State papers respecting, 419 ; changes in the seventeenth century, 421; contests with representatives of English settlers, 425; state of, in 1600, ib.; reforms of James I., 426; introduction of feudal tenures, ib. (see Ulster, Settlement of); reconquest of, after 1688, 435; inequality created by ancient settlements, 452; unfair distribution of offices and honours, 453
inarriage laws in, cxxx. 276, 282. See Marriage Laws
the Coercion Bill of 1834, cxxxii. 311, 314; viewed as a field for novelists, 501, 502; native ideas of property in land, 507, 511; recent agitation for homerule, ib.; the movement ascribed to a knot of discontented Irish Tories, 512; Mr. Butt's plan of federalism, 513; obstacles to a local Parliament, b. 515; question of taxation, ib.; classes of 'homerulers,' 516; federal union would lead to separation, ib.; probable constitution of a home-Parliament, 517; Ultramontanism and Nationalism, ib.; want of healthy public opinion among laity, 519; the Ballot would increase existing evils,520; probable course of homelegislation, ib.; in Church matters, 521; in regard to England, 522;
invectives of the national press, ib.; Fenian teaching of the Christian Brothers, 524; no basis for nationality in, ib.; Federalist complaints against the Union, 525; question of native industry and Repeal, 526; of taxation, ib.; the Union too long delayed, 527; Scotch Union compared, ib.; Repeal would be a surrender of empire and duty, 528; lawlessness must be crushed, 529; unscrupulous misrepresentation of English policy, ib.; hopeful prospects, ib. Ireland, influence of the legal pro
fession on the history of, cxxxiv. 45; origin of the Lord Chancellorship, 47 (see Chancellors, Irish); revival of English ascendency in the fifteenth century, 51; influence of Tudor conquest on the law, 52; obstacles to improvement under James I., 53; causes of the rising of 1641, 54; disastrous period after 1688, 60; condition of, under the House of Hanover, 62; Tory government after the Union, 76
past history of, distorted by party rancour, cxxxvii. 122; recent improvements in English policy, ib.; reforms discouraged by Irish animosity, 123; Mr. Froude's work on, 124; immorality of the doctrine of force as a plea for English domination, 125; anarchy of home-rule in the fifteenth century, 130; hostility to England at the Reformation, ib.; disloyalty of Catholics to Elizabeth, 132; the massacre of 1641 described, 136; storming of Drogheda, 138; past neglect of primary education, 143; restrictions on trade and manufactures, 144; smuggling, ib.; exactions of tithes, 146; universal cultivation attempted by Irish Parliament of the Volunteers, ib.; rule of oligarchical faction, ib.;
English maladministration in last century, 147; struggle for free trade, 148; the demoralising pen- sion list, 149; discontent due to delay of the Union, ib.; ingrati- tude of present Nationalists, 150; home-rule cry probably short- lived, 151
Ireland, new agitation of Repeal, cxxxix. 468; absurd claims of the Nationalists, 469; evils of the native Parliament, ib.; despotism not the only alternative, 478; the Union should have been a century earlier, ib. ; two classes of Catho- lics after the Revolution, 479; absenteeism, ib.; Presbyterian emigration to America, 481; change from tillage to grazing in Munster, ib.; atrocities of the Whiteboys, 482, 484; disorgani- sation of society, 485; sympathies of Catholics with England at the American rebellion, 487 note; movement for independence early in the century, 488; protectionist policy of home Parliament in 1782, 489; fallacies of present home-rulers, ib.; reform agitation of the United Irishmen, 490; Pitt and Emancipation, 491; spies and informers, 492; insurrection of 1798, 496; atrocities of troops to the peasantry, ib. note; outbreak of the rebellion, 499; Catholic atrocities, 501, 504; the rebellion crushed, ib.; services of the Irish Yeomanry, 506; national resist- ance in England to the cry of home-rule, 553
Irish, the, their triumphs in other countries, cxxvii. 502; instances of their military genius, 503; bene- fits of emigration, 504; stream of emigrants to America, 505; ad- vantages of change of country, 506; their position in America, 509; low condition of, in the cities, 511; their unpopularity,
512; political influence in New York, 513; vices of Irish-Ameri- can journals, 514; Fenianism, 516- 520; gradual disintegration of, in America, ib.; their apostasy from Catholicism, 521; their condition in Canada, 523; in Australia, 524; in Great Britain, 525; crimi- nal statistics in England, 526 and note; recent remedial legislation, 529; Mr. Maguire on their condi- tion in America, 530; material progress of, in Ireland, 531 Irish, their sympathy with agrarian crime, cxxviii. 331
decline of gaiety in their temperament, cxxxiii. 502; their revolutionary passion for land, 507; false notions of property and pos- session, 509
the, recent symptoms of irre- concilability, cxxxvii. 123; their military services to England, 129; growing dislike of, in America, 152
their want of political know- ledge, cxxxix. 468 Irish Church, corrupt system of patronage in, early in the present century, cxi. 404; rapacity of the Protestant clergy, ib.
cxxiii. 454; absence of Pro- testant sympathies at the Reforma- tion, ib.; early neglect of education by, 455; causes of present weak- ness, 456; evils of tithe-system, 457; Tory sympathies, 458; re- cent improvement in the clergy, 459; temporalities, 460; increased aggressions of the Roman Catho- lics, 462; numerical strength of different denominations, 463; in- comes of beneficed clergy, 464; their unequal division, 465; his- torical argument of its advocates, 467; argument for tithes, 469; the Act of Union, 470; alleged danger to British rule from dises- tablishment, 471; fears for Pro-
testantism therefrom, 472; what is to be done with the Church, 473; reduction and amalgamation of livings proposed, ib. 475; Church property to be handed over to Ecclesiastical Commission, 476; disposal of surplus after reductions, ib.; question of Roman Catholic Endowment, ib.; objections of Protestants thereto, 477; doubtful acceptance thereof, by the priesthood, ib. 479; application of surplus to poor rates or intermediate schools, ib.; the latter plan preferred, 481; need of mutual concessions, 482 Irish Church, Lord Russell's pamphlet on, cxxvii. 535; alternative of disendowment recommended, 536
question of its temporalities, cxxviii. 281; its legal character should be retained, after disestablishment, ib. 282; evils of, exposed by Mr. Senior, 336; its territorial ascendency a source of jealousy,342; its rights of property not those of private freeholders, 343
views of Mr. Bright on, cxxix. 293; Calvinistic character of, 295; Earl Russell's explanation of his views on, 302 note; State papers respecting, in the reign of Elizabeth, 419-421; origin of present ecclesiastical endowments, 442; effects of the Ulster plantation on, 445; its interests identified by settlements with the land, 451; the type of invidious inequality, 452; an avenue to political preferment, 453; change of public opinion on, 454
persecutions of the Presbyterians by the bishops in the last century, cxxxvii. 140; opportunity lost by, 142; neglect of education, 143
Irish education, enlightened system of, cxix. 285
Catholic denominational
movement, cxxiii. 458 note; want of intermediate schools, 480 Irish education, reform needed in higher branches, cxxxv. 166; principle of equality, ib.; Roman Catholic demands, 167-174; their opposition to mixed education, ib.; their claims resisted abroad, 175; objections to a denominational system under priestly control, 177; Catholic school-books, 179; Roman Catholic University, 180; claims to charter and endowments, ib.; the proposal condemned, ib. 183; Mr. Fawcett's scheme of a new Irish University, ib.; alternative plans of affiliation, 184; the controversy centred on Dublin University, 185; Trinity College as affected by recent events, 186; question of emoluments and prizes, 189; difficulties to proposed settlement, viz., curriculum of study, 190, and constitution of University Senate, ib.; proposed solution, 192; position of Catholics in coming struggle, 194; Ultramontane policy of isolation, 195
(University), Mr. Gladstone's Bill of 1873, cxxxvii. 569; opposition to the measure, 570; its object, 571; unfounded complaints of, 572; Mr. Fawcett's Bill, ib.; ecclesiasticism of Roman Catholic prelates, 573; principles of civil equality, 574; the principle. thwarted by clerical aggression, 575; subservience of the 'Irish vote,' 576; question of civil allegiance, ib. 577; Ultramontane pretensions, ib.
Irish land. Tenures by tanistry in the Septs, cxiv. 372; introduction of English tenures, 378
tenant compensation, cxxv. 187, ib.; popularity of the Land Question, 188; Committee of 1865, ib.; witnesses of Tenantright party, ib. 189; their recom
mendations, 190; divergent evi- dence, 191; question of leases, 192; case of Lord Dufferin, 194; definition of unexhausted improve- ments, 196; origin of the Ulster custom, 197 note; Mr. Pusey's Committee of 1848, 198; custom of Scotch leases, 199; rights of landlords respecting unexhausted improvements, 201; argument of Mr. Fisher, ib.; views of Mr. O'Connell on leases, 204; Mr. Butt on the land laws, 205, 209; he upholds fixity of tenure and compulsory valuation, ib.; Mr. Mill's later opinions, 210; Mr. Bright's fallacious scheme for a proprietary class, ib.; Bill of Mr. Fortescue, 211; need of effective valuation, 215; question of retro- spective legislation, 216; false dis- paragement of tenant-right agita- tion, 217
Irish land, recent works on, cxxxi.
256; recent change in Irish views, ib.; Mr. Fortescue's Bill of 1866, 257; draft Bill of Mr. Dillon, ib.; Lord Naas's Bill of 1867, 258; im- perfect knowledge of landlord and tenant relations, 260; Lord Gra- nard and Bishop Keane, ib.; obso- lete evidence of the Devon Com- mission, 261; subsequent com- mittees, ib.; proposed commission in 1867, 262; present need of legis- lation, 263; inquiry by land- owners, 264; fixity of tenure re- pudiated by O'Connell, ib.; failure of Mr. Shee's Bill, 265; state of popular feeling in 1867, ib.; pro- mises of Liberal Ministers misin- terpreted, 266 note; early pro- gramme of the Tenant-right party, ib.; Mr. Butt's proposals, ib.; Eng- lish revival of doctrine of Fixity of Tenure, 267; speech of Sir J. Gray, ib.; views of Mr. Mill and Mr. O'Brien, 268, 271; present popular demands defined, ib.; re-
cent statistics of ejectments, 273 note; charges against landlords ex- amined, ib. ; security of tenure not a panacea, 276; scheme of Sir G. Campbell, 277; amateur investi- gations, 278; Philocelt's' propo- sals, 279; Master Fitzgibbon's plan, 280; pamphlets by Members of Parliament, 281, 285; objec- tions to exceptional legislation, ib. ; question of re-valuation, 286; opinions cn a peasant proprietary, 288; plan of State Land Banks, 289; landlords favourable to re- form. ib.; Lord Portarlington and Dr. Taylor, 290; sympathy of pro- prietors with tenant-farmers, 292, 293; promising attitude of Con- servatives, 295; leading principles of future legislation, 296; con- ditions of security of tenure, 299; and of valuation, 300; duties of landlords, 301; forthcoming Bill, 303; Irish irreconcilables,' 304 Irish land, sentimental delusions of peasantry as to recovery of forfeited estates, cxxxiii. 507, 510 Iron, scarcity of, in ancient times, cxvi. 204; discovery of 'pig-iron," 205; depression of the trade in 1740, 206; employment of, in bridges, 207; insecurity of cast- iron, 212; superiority of wrought- iron, 213; use of, in fire-proof buildings, ib.; the first iron steam- boat, 217; introduction of chain- cables, 219; dangers of iron ship- building, 220; boiler-plates and boat-plates, 221; armour-plating for war-vessels, 222; quality of, the test of its resistance to ord- nance, 223; deterioration in quality of, 224; invention of the hot-blast, 225; varieties of British iron, 226; foreign competition in manufacture of, 236
Government standard of quality in, for ship-building, cxviii. 206
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