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The British tariff alone yielded nearly double the sum ordinarily required for the expenses of the United States, viz. :

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We reduce the sterling values to five dollars per pound, for convenience of calculation. The real results will vary only about three per

cent.

France, with a population of 35,781,628, has an annual revenue of 1,824,000,000 francs, or nearly ten dollars per head. Great Britain, with a population of 29,000,000, including Ireland and the Channel islands, has a revenue of seventy millions sterling, or nearly twelve dollars per head.

The United States, with a population of 31,429,891, had an aggregate revenue of $565,489,840 for the ten years, 1849-1858, or an average of a little exceeding fifty-seven millions annually, or less than two dollars per head.

The sources of revenue in France last year were as follow:

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Enregistrement, timbre et domaines, Recording and government stamps, 358,677,000 Produits des forets et de la peche,.. Revenue from forests and fisheries, 37,755,500

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Custom-House and salts,.
Indirect tax,..

228,051,000

485,489,000

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Remboursements et restitutions,..

Travaux extraordinaires, . .

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The enormous sum of 866,932,356 francs, or about one hundred and sixty-four millions of dollars, expended for the service of ministers, is divided as follow:

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Thus the government of France, in a time of peace, maintains an army of 400,000 men, at an expense of about sixty-three millions of dollars, and a navy costing twenty-four millions.

These enormous taxes are freely paid by the French people. They are necessary to the support of government. The people accommodate themselves to the burdens, which, in fact, fall mainly upon those most able to bear them, both in England and France. For instance, the licenses paid to the British government are, by bankers, £30 each; pawnbrokers, £15; auctioneers, £10; brewers, £2 to £78; wine dealers, £10; tobacco and snuff manufacturers, £5 to £31.

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The British income tax is, in time of peace, much heavier than that levied by our Congress for war purposes, viz., seven to ten pence in the pound. Incomes of £100 to £150 pay seven pence per pound.

We have not received the census returns of 1860; but those for 1850 are sufficient to demonstrate that a land tax may yield a larger sum than hitherto estimated. By the census of 1850, there were in the United States

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These, no doubt, amount now to thirty millions in number, every one of which should be taxed one dollar per head annually. Bank notes, bills of exchange, promissory notes and deeds might be taxed under a stamp law. A poll tax would also be equitable, so that the expenses of government should fall in part upon every one, rich and poor. Thus, if our necessities should be so great, a revenue of two hundred millions of dollars might be realized without being a burden upon any special class, viz. :

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Stamps are another considerable source of revenue in Great Britain, bringing in eight millions sterling. Bankers' checks or drafts pay from a penny to twenty-five shillings each; foreign bills of exchange, from

one penny to thirteen shillings each; leases, from six shillings to six pounds each; wills, from ten shillings to £270 each; dogs are taxed twelve shillings each; packs of hounds, £9 to £39; horses, ten to twentyone shillings each. In fact, for the present emergency, we might with great advantage draw upon England and France for lessons on taxation.

COFFEE AND THE COFFEE TRADE.

I. DIMINISHED PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL.-II. CAUSES OF DECLINE.-III. COFFER MARKETS OF EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES.

THE upward tendency of the prices of coffee has been in consequence of the increased consumption of it both in Europe and the United States, by which the stocks that formerly were equal to five or six months consumption are now reduced to barely ten weeks, and are steadily diminishing, thus proving that the supplies from producing countries are diminishing instead of increasing to supply the demand.

Brazil for many years has supplied one-half of the production of the world, but, from the following statement of the crop exports, it will appear that the maximum of production has been reached there, and that it is now on the decline.

From 1845 to 1858 the average increase for each four years was about 5 per cent. per annum; since then the decrease has been 24 per cent. per annum, although the crop now finishing has been a very large one. The crop of 1861 will be a short one, considerably below the average of the three preceding years.

EXPORTS OF COFFEE FROM RIO DE JANEIRO DURING THE CROP YEARS, JULY 1ST TO

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The decrease of the crop export from Rio de Janeiro is entirely owing to the effectual stoppage of the slave trade since 1850, by which the effective labor has been greatly diminished. Previous to 1850 it was estimated that the coffee estates required 5 per cent. per annum of new blacks to keep their stock good. Daily slave labor, which was 500 rs. per day, has risen to 21,000 per day, or 300 per cent. Slaves have also risen nearly in proportion, in consequence of the supply being wholly cut

off, and foreign immigration being yet on a very limited scale, notwithstanding it is very liberally encouraged by the government. Free European labor will never mix freely with slave labor, especially in a tropical climate and an entirely new cultivation.

The supply of coffee from Brazil is entirely a question of labor, and unless they can receive an adequate supply, the export will gradually diminish.

No more slave labor will be admitted. Coolie labor has been tried and will not answer. Free labor is only desired, but as yet the supply has been very limited.

The Secretary of the Treasury having recommended a duty on coffee, and Congress having levied a duty of four cents per pound, it may be well to refer to the present condition of the coffee trade of the United States:

First. The stock on hand is now larger than for many years, being 9,235 tons, or 174 per cent. beyond that of July, 1860, viz.:

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Second. The imports of coffee for the past six months are forty per

cent. beyond the same period of 1860, viz.:

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37,729

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51,070

Total tons six months,....... 29,221 .. 57,332

Compared with the stocks of coffee in the six principal ports of

Europe, the results are as follows:

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The ordinary consumption of coffee in the United States is from fortyfive to fifty thousand tons every six months, so that there was on 1st July a stock on hand equivalent to about two months' consumption.

The variations have been remarkable for some years. The lowest and highest prices, and lowest average and highest average, since 1846, having been as follows per pound for Rio coffee in the New-York market:

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SPECIAL SESSION, JULY-AUGust, 1861.

I. THE COLLECTION OF DUTIES ON IMPORTS. II. AN ACT TO PROVIDE INCREASED Revenue FROM IMPORTS, TO PAY THE INTEREST ON THE PUBLIC Debt, and for other purpOSES. III. AN ACT TO INCREASE THE CONSULAR REPRESENTATION OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE PRESENT INSURRECTION.

AN ACT FURTHER TO PROVIDE FOR THE COLLECTION OF DUTIES ON IMPORTS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That whenever it shall, in the judgment of the President, by reason of unlawful combinations of persons in opposition to the laws of the United States, become impracticable to execute the revenue laws and collect the duties on imports by the ordinary means, in the ordinary way, at any port of entry in any collection district, he is authorized to cause such duties to be collected at any port of delivery in said district until such obstruction shall cease; and in such case the surveyors at said ports of delivery shall be clothed with all the powers and be subject to all the obligations of collectors of ports of entry; and the Secretary of the Treasury, with the approbation of the President, shall appoint such number of weighers, gaugers, measurers, inspectors, appraisers and clerks as may be necessary, in his judgment, for the faithful execution of the revenue laws at said ports of delivery, and shall fix and establish the limits within which such ports of delivery are constituted ports of entry as aforesaid; and all the provisions of law regulating the issue of marine papers, the coasting trade, the warehousing of imports and collection of duties shall apply to the ports of entry so constituted in the same manner as they do to ports of entry established by the laws now in force.

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That if, from the cause mentioned in the foregoing section, in the judgment of the President, the revenue from duties on imports cannot be effectually collected at any port of entry in any collection district, in the ordinary way and by the ordinary means, or by the course provided in the foregoing section, then and in that case he may direct that the custom-house for the district be established in any secure place within said district, either on land or on

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