THE road from Bladdran to Chimpaka winds round the mountain of Sindoro, one of the Brothers, and is supposed to be one of the highest on the island.

From the summit of the range of hills that forms the western boundary of the Cudoe, we had a commanding and extensive prospect of that fertile valley. We had also a view of the north coast of the island, from Pacalongan to Japara.

We next arrived at Magellan, the residence of Mr. Lawrence, the chief authority of the district, after having performed a journey of nearly four hundred miles, through a wild and uninhabited country, and by a route that had never before been attempted by Europeans. From Magellan, we proceeded to visit Borobodó, a stupendous monument of Hindu antiquity.

Sello, the country-seat of Major Johnson, the Resident of Solo, is situated on an elevated ridge between the mountains of Marapi and Marbabu, both volcanoes. The former, a few years ago, was in a state of violent irruption; indeed, it is still burning, and it is conjectured, from the frequent earthquakes felt in the neighbourhood of Sello, that ere long it will burst forth again. The climate of Sello is, perhaps, the finest in the world. The thermometer ranges, through the year, from 45 to 60o ;but the peculiar advantage this place possesses over most others in the island, is its being less subject to frequent rains; a circumstance it owes to its local position, the heavy clouds from the southeast being attracted or turned off by the above-mentioned mountains. European fruits and vegetables, are here produced as in their native soil. The European constitution, too, acquires elasticity and renovation in this congenial climate.

From Sello, we descended into the plain of Solo. Souracarta, the capital, is the residence of the Emperor and royal family. It covers an immense extent of ground, , and contains not less than an, Asiatic Journ-No. III.

hundred thousand inhabitants.

after our arrival, we received a visit from the Emperor, which we returned the following morning. On reaching the Cratton, or royal palace, we were received with every mark of respectful regard; the usual ceremonies being dispensed with, as the visit was private. The Emperor himself is quite a well-bred gentleman. His manners are dignified and elegant. Toward his courtiers and de pendents he is lofty and commanding but his deportment and conversation with the English is cordial, frank, and unassuming.

Tigers.

We were here witnesses of a battle between a buffaloe and two tigers, which the former killed with ease. The novelty of this sight gives it an interest for once; but the combat is so unequal, and such shocking cruelties are practised to force the animals to attack each other, that a mind possessed of any feeling must turn from it in disgust.

The Rampok, or destruction of the tiger, by men armed d with but it exlong spears, is less shocking to humanity; cites very little interest. The tiger is conveyed in a box to the centre of a square of spearsmen, three or four ranks deep; the spears of the rear rank being so long, as to reach the length of those in front. On a signal given, the door of the box is opened, and some dry straw, which has been placed round it, set fire to. This apparently-dangerous office is performed by a set of people whose particular business it is. After opening the door, and setting fire to the straw, they are not permitted to make the best of their way out of the square, but are obliged to march off at a steady pace, moving to the time of the gomblong. As soon as the tiger feels himself incommoded by the fire, he quits his den with great reluctance. For a moment he looks around, s in search of a road to escape; and, find- & ing himself completely encircled, makes a desperate spring upon the nearest ranks VOL. 1. 2 H

of his assailants, by whom he is received with the utmost deliberate coolness, and dispatched in a moment. Sometimes he runs completely round the square without daring to spring, and then crouches in the centre. When this happens, people are sent in beneath large baskets of strong wicker-work, which they carry over them, and shielded by which they poke the tiger with sticks; if this does not irritate him to the attack, a band of chosen men, consisting of ten or twelve, march up to him, and put him to death.

Dancing-girls.

In the course of the evening, we were entertained by an exhibition of a far more interesting nature. Two sets of Srimpees, of four each, belonging to the Emperor, performed a most graceful dance before us. Their youth and beauty, the elegance of their motions, modesty of looks and richness of dress, excited our warmest admiration; indeed, we only regretted that the dream* could not last.

From Solo, we made an excursion into the country, to visit some ancient ruins that had lately been discovered at Sukah, near the foot of Goonong Sabu, distant from Solo twenty-five miles. These we found more interesting than any we had yet seen.

Sourabaya.

On the 26th May, we embarked on board accommodation-boats on the Solo river, and in six days, landed at the village of Badahan, near its mouth. Hence, we proceeded in carriages to Lamangan, and then on to Sourabaya. At this place, we celebrated the birth-day of our beloved sovereign; and, on the 5th of June, set out for Passeruang, by the high road, a distance of eighty miles.

On the 7th we quitted Passeruang, and proceeded on horseback across the country, in a southern direction, to Lawary, which lies near the foot of Mount Arjuno. Thence we proceeded to the ruins of Singasari, where we saw many wonderful remains of former grandeur, and some almost-perfect monuments of Hindu worship.

Cata Buddha.

We slept one night at Malong, which is a place of some note, being the capital of the district of the same name. Near to this place, the remains of the fortress

Shumpee, in Javanese, means a "dream," or "vision of the night."

of Cata Buddha are still perceptible. It

is strongly situated, at the confluence of two rivers, which are joined by a ditch, two hundred feet wide and fifty deep, about a mile above their natural junction.

This place is remarkable on account of its having afforded the last refuge to Hinduism in Java. It was here that the fugitives took shelter, after the destruction of the Mojaphit Empire; and here they sustained a desperate siege of nine months, against the united forces of the Mahomedans, who at length obtained possession of the place by treachery.

On the 9th we visited some Hindu temples at Kedul and Jagu; at both of which places we had reason to admire the works of former ages, which exhibit a proficiency in the arts now no where to be found.

Tunga Mountains.

On the 10th we bent our course towards the Tunga Mountains, and continued ascending the whole day. As we mounted, we perceived, almost at every step, a change in the climate and in the vegetation. The tops of the hills were covered with fir-trees. Raspberries were growing wild in the greatest abundance; the hedges blooming with roses; and the grass spangled with daisies, prim-' roses and violets, and scented with a thousand aromatic herbs.

These mountains are inhabited by the most interesting race of people now in Java. They are the genuine remains of the ancient stock of unconverted Javanese, and retain to this day many of the customs and perform many of the religious rites of their Hindu forefathers. Mahomedan influence, however, has made considerable strides towards the obliteration of these distinguishing features.

Some manuscripts, in the Javanese character, were procured, which promise a more particular account of the peculiar tenets and customs of this interesting

race.

Volcano of Bromo.

On the morning of the 11th of June, we proceeded to visit the celebrated vol cano of Bromo, which has lately been in violent eruption.

After crossing the Sandy Sea, which surrounds the volcano to a distance of three or four miles in all directions, we reached the foot of the mountain, which rises about a thousand feet above the

cated some of the party who incautiously exposed themselves to its effects. Continued hollow grumblings, from beneath, added an indiscribable horror to the scene.

From this place we proceeded to Bysookie, where we embarked in a cruizer for Banjerwangie, but were driven by contrary winds and currents into Balibaleeling, a port on the western coast of the island of Bali.

(To be continued.*)

* It is proper, perhaps, to observe, that our continuation of this valuable article will depend upon the arrival of the remainder of the MS. from Java.-Edit.

ARTILLERY has of late years undergone an astonishing degree of improvement; but, while the science is cultivating with success, the practical part seems labouring under numerous inconsistencies.

Unless artillery be so organized as to perform the most rapid and unexpected movements with the greatest precision and effect, it can be of no great utility in the field. It is this that may be termed its very soul; it is this that renders its attacks irresistible, and its designs sure. Without this, it is an incumbrance to a moving army, calculated to create disorder; and it excites those expectations which generally terminate in disappointment or disgust. Thus, artillery, which should be esteemed one of the principal members of a well-appointed military body, composed of men, the flower of the army, and chosen for the purpose, be comes a clog to its functions. To obviate in some measure these effects, by closely examining the causes, is the object of this essay.

Artillery is considered under two distinct heads, the one foot, and the other horse. I beg leave, therefore, to remark here, that my design is to be particular with regard to the former, (as being the immediate subject of this paper), and to investigate at large its established discipline; the latter I shall touch on but slightly, being less open to objections and

error.

The services of the foot-artillery are often called for in the field, when, from its very internal discipline, combined with other causes which I shall hereafter mention, it is in a very great measure unable to perform them with that promptness, celerity and skill, that is so sanguinely expected from the line. Foot-artillery are often called on to perform rapid manœuvres, and expected to execute them with the same facility as if they were flyingartillery. No allowances are made; and any plea, arising from actual inability, is immediately interpreted into want of skill, &c.

:

Let us trace a crevice in the wall, and I think we shall discover that it springs from the foundation if this be bad, the superstructure totters. It is in vain we attempt to hide its weakness, by any superficial application. We must, in fact, commence anew, from the very basis, before we can proceed with safety; or erect a building that shall stand the test of time and experience. One great art of war, consists in meeting an enemy on his own terms. If his artillery is numerous, we deem it necessary to increase our own; and the same rule is applicable in all departments of the army. Hence the origin of our riflemen and grenadiers, light and heavy horse, &c. &c.; for the policy of contending with an enemy as much after his own way as possible, is (amidst scientific belligerents) so univer

As late experience has proved the utility of introducing in the same batalion of infantry, light and grenadier companies, it is difficult to imagine any sufficient reason, why a batalion of artillery should consist of foot artillery alone; or why an intermediate arm, betwixt that of horse and foot artillery should not be introduced? The former mostly cooperates with cavalry, or independently; the latter is so unwieldy, that it seems only calculated for the duties of batteries, and not at all suited to act with infantry in the field. It is my humble opinion, then, that artillery in general, might, with infinite success, be divided into three classes, to be severally termed "the horse,' ," "the light," and "the heavy." The design of the first I have already pointed out-the second should attend every evolution of the line with equal çelerity, and in fact become a part of it, liable to be detached with any of its companies. The heavy should be particularly appropriated to heavy ordnance and the duties of the batteries,*

Horse-artillery is but ill suited to act with infantry; and our present system of foot-artillery is so slow in its movements, so extremely heavy in its carriages, and drawn by oxen instead of horses, that on active service it becomes a clog, and materially obstructs the manoeuvres of infantry. The difference of horse and light artillery is this: the latter should accompany the line, advance and retire with it, &c, the gun to be drawn by horses, but all the gunners are to be on foot; its grand object or design being to support the infantry, when they cannot, with effect, act themselves on the offensive or defensive; and to be fully able to accompany them, on any service of dispatch or moment-which, under its existing system, it is totally unable to do. And as

By a disposition of this kind, I do not mean that the artillery should be three distinct bodies. The general principles must be common, but the uses they are applied to differ-requiring only additional agility, and a longer practice at the drill, &c.-A.

† It may be said that our horse-artillery can do all this-I reply, if so, its functions are most materially misapplied, and I doubt whether any examples can be produced in support of such an arrangement. The principal object of this artillery is to cover the flanks of the line-to accompany the evolutions of cavalry-to take up poststo act in fact in most cases independently.-A.

doing well, our artillery, I imagine, would materially benefit the service, by being drawn by horses, instead of bullocks. There is a certain degree of ridicule that attends the bare idea of the latter, which reduces the art of gunnery, and its utility, greatly, in the minds of military men, who do not take into consideration the obstacles that are physically impossible to surmount. Though it may be said, artillery drawn by oxen will keep up with the common rate of marching; yet surely, somewhat more is expected, when in the field, than this! The gunners for light-artillery should be picked men, chosen for the purpose, drilled into activity and running, and armed with a small sword and pistol. As they have only to keep up with the infantry, there can be no difficulty in this.

The next point is of the greatest importance. I mean the weight of the guncarriage and limber. From an attentivę survey, I am thoroughly convinced, that one-third at least of iron and wood-work might, without the least danger, be taken off our Bengal and Europe gun 6-pr, carriages. Upon an average, our 6-pr, carriages would answer very well with a 12-pr. gun: such is the unnecessary strength and clumsiness of the present construction! We have reduced the weight of metal in the gun, and increased the dimensions of the wood in the carriage! I certainly think our field-carriages and limbers are loaded with an unnecessary and superfluous quantity of wood and iron, which might be taken off with every advantage, and without the smallest danger whatever.

A model might be made which would prove the truth of this remark. It would exceed the limits of this paper to particularize the alterations and additions that would be necessary. Should a description be demanded, I shall be happy to lay before the public my feeble sugges

tions.*

Much might be said with regard to our ammunition-tumbrils, and the preference

In a few words, the alterations, &c. that I would venture to make are principally these: a general adoption of the single-shaft instead of cheeks; cheeks of strong wrought iron, in lieu of wooden ones; the wheels of the gun-carriages somewhat higher; a wedge graduated, instead of the screw for elevating; and which would, at a glance, show the angle of elevation, without resorting to the quadrant, &c. &c.—A.

given to a four-wheeled carriage to one of two. But we are apt to conceive the antiquity of a system as the best proof of its infallibility, and feel less disposed to adopt improvements that carry with them innovation, or an air of originality. This, however, is far from being the case in the present inquiry; my investigations are drawn from existing sources, which local inquiry has enabled me in some measure to confide in.

With regard to that material consideration, expense, if we take a critical review of this subject, I think the trifling increase that must follow, in substituting horses in lieu of oxen, would be amply counterbalanced by the several important and essential benefits to the service at large that would arise from the change, Artillery has wonderfully altered in Europe the art of war; it has itself arrived to such a pitch of excellence as to be now justly considered one of the most essential members of a well-appointed military body; and it has achieved this distinction by its boldness, and the surprizing rapidity of its movements.

France has been principally indebted for her great and numerous successes to her flying-artillery. The vast and ponderous trains of Austrian artillery, though in a high state of discipline, were unable to contend with the desultory warfare of their bold and enterprising enemy, Perhaps too strict adherence to the minutia of regular tactiets rendered the artillery of Austria less prepared to act independently, and to avail itself of opportunities which required something out of the usual established rules of parade precision ; beside being encumbered with trains far too extensive and weighty, and which it required an army of itself to

move.

Artillery, now, generally commences the action-the infantry supports and follows up its efforts into a general confliet, and the cavalry compleats the defeat.

*Witness the end of the campaign of 1792, in Belgium-the affair of Waterloo, and of Castiglione-the battle of Ettlingen and of Newvied, and several others; where the services of the flying-artillery have been prominently conspicuous. The flying artillery of England, certainly, are equal to any in the world; and recent proofs have shown that this remark is just, and not vain boasting.-A.

Light-artillery, organized after the manner I have ventured to suggest, would, on such occasions, act no insignificant part; but, framed as this arm now is, it is thrown into the rear; and, when called upon to act, it is when it can avail little or nothing, and at a time when half the battle is over. Artillery, I say, of this description, might be used on every momentous occasion, without any delay, that concerns the evolutions of the line, which it is solely bent to aid, cover, support, &c. In a word, I consider its duties quite foreign to the horse-artillery.

The number of horses to light-artillery, might be reduced to about one-third of that of horse, i. e. four instead of six; and, of all things, light, yet strong guncarriages, consisting of 6-prs. and 5 inch howitzers. As I have already mentioned, the sole design of this artillery is to attend every manoeuvre of the line alone, The fusee has often proved an incumbrance to foot-artillery, and, with due deference, I conceive a small-sword and pistol, properly adjusted, would be far preferable. Among numerous reasons, there is this particular one, viz. a gunner should look to no personal defence but what the gun he skilfully serves will afford him. Any attempt to use his fusee at once disables him.

The less ammunition an artillery-man carries about his person, beyond what the gun actually requires, the greater will be his confidence and spirit in working it. To be perfectly master of the artillerydrill will amply occupy the gunner's time and attention, without resorting to the manual exercise. The latter is much too subservient to the former, and engages too much of his attention, diverting him from that particular avocation which should singly occupy it.

Late experience has proved to me the great advantages that carriages of fourwheels have over those of two; the former being able to cross over deep passes, steep ascents and descents, which it would be totally impossible to accomplish with our tumbrils that have only two. The waggons, called wursts, are admirably suited for the conveyance of ammunition, the load being suspended over strong leather thongs. The cartridges are preserved from being deteriorated, and