Bremond, spindles, Oct. 11
Brethorn, bricks and tiles, July 24
Brickhill, screw propellers, Nov. 1
Bridges, elastic bands, Sept. 3
Bridgett, regenerating steam, Oct. 11
Bridle, refrigerators, Oct. 4
Briere, railway breaks, March 2
Briggs, tarpauling, Jan. 31
Briggs, washing machine, May 15
Bright, navigating air, April 13
Bright, telegraph conductors, Aug. 17
Brinsmead, rotatory screens, Jan. 4
Broadley, weaving, Jan. 17
Broel, soap, Sept. 3
Brookes, wheel tyres, April 3
Brookes, preparing fibres, April 30
Brooks, folding yarn, April 13
Brooks, guns and pistols, April 20
Brooks, paying-out cables, May 11
Brooman, desiccating substances, Dec.11
Brooman, extracting substances, July 13
Brooman, coffee mills, Feb. 3
Brooman, sewing machine, Jan. 4
Brooman, weaving threads, April 20
Brooman, heating water, June 22
Brooman, quills and spools, Aug. 10
Brooman, incombustibles, May 8
Brooman, locks and keys, Jan. 31
Brooman, bank notes, Aug. 21
Brooman, driving rolling stock, Nov. 6
Brooman, cryptography, April 13
Brooman, cement, Jan. 4
Brooman, treating substances, Nov. 20
Brooman, colouring matters, May 25
Brooman, winding threads, July 24
Brooman, magnetic engines, April 13
Brooman, wheel-naves, Aug. 28
Brooman, stamping-presses, Aug. 17
Brooman, buttons, Sept. 27
Brooman, colouring matters, April 24
Brooman, spinning fibres, Jan. 31
Brooman, cleaning boilers, Feb. 7
Brooman, oil mills, May 8
Brooman, lifts, March 16
Brooman, poultry waggon, May 25
Brooman, horse-rakes, Dec. 21
Brooman, preparing oils, April 17
Buckwell, slabs and plates, Oct. 17
Buckwell, printing telegraph, Oct. 17
Buckwell, iron roofs, Oct. 23
Budd, terne plates, Dec. 28
Budden, pile-driving, Jan. 4
Budden, motive power, Nov. 26
Buhring, spring power, Feb. 10
Bullough, weaving looms, Oct. 23
Burgess, reaping machines, April 13
Burgess, mowing machines, May 11
Burgess, anchovies, May 11
Burgess, mowing machines, June 22
Burley, tool-handles, July 10
Burnett, electric telegraphs, Nov. 20
Burrows, weaving looms, April 20
Burstall, bricks, Oct. 11
Bury, textile fabrics, Aug. 10
Bush, seidlitz powder, April 20
Bushell, agricultural machine, Oct. 11
Busk, drawing fibres, May 11
Butlin, superheating steam, July 6
Butterworth, spinning machines, Oct. 25
Buxton, safety cages, Sept. 3
Callard, wheaten flour, June 8
Calvert, portable buildings, Sept. 19
Calvert, colouring matters, Sept. 27
Campain, removing straw, April 27
Campbell, preparing oils, Feb. 10
Campbell, removing mud, Dec. 4
Campbell, dry dock, Dec. 4
Campion, sewing machines, Dec. 21
Canu, crushing minerals, Feb. 17
Caplen, boots and shoes, May 4
Capper, railways, Feb. 7
Carliell, vent-pegs, Jan. 13
Carpentier, metrical apparatus, Sept. 27
Carr, drying glue, May 8
Carrick, water-closets, April 13
Carter, tilling machines, July 20
Carter, soldiers' knapsacks, Sept. 19
Carter, gas-burner machines, Oct. 4
Cartwright, steam-engines, Dec. 11
Cartwright, dental mouthpieces, Dec. 18
Carver, lace combs, Aug. 3
Cathels, gas meters, March 27
Catlin, floating bodies, Nov. 26
Cator, preparing fibres, July 27
Brooman, plastic compositions, April 27 Cavanagh, lock spindles, Nov. 16
Brooman, fire-arms, May 1
Brooman, harrows, Dec. 28
Brown, gunpowder, March 23
Chadwick, measuring liquids, Aug. 28
Chalmers, gas-stoves, April 20
Brotherhood, generating steam, Aug. 24 Chamberlain, cutting cork, Feb. 10
Brown, treating crops, April 17
Brown, window-sashes, Sept. 19
Brown, furnaces and retorts, Nov. 23
Brown, ordnance, Nov. 26
Bruckshaw, elevating grain, April 17
Bryden, blind mountings, Aug. 24
Buchanan, healds for weaving, June 8
Buckland, prepared peat, Jan. 20
Buckland, prepared peat, March 20
Chambers, railway signals, June 22
Chambers, straightening iron, Sept. 27
Champion, spindles and bobbins, June 12
Chance, glass, March 13
Chanter, supplying air, Jan. 27
Chaplin, drawing engines, July 10
Chapuis, ceramic products, Aug. 28
Charlesworth, cigarettes, July 31
Charlton, navigating steam ships, May 4
Chartroule, iodine, July 24
Chatterton, gutta-percha tubes, Jan. 20
Chatterton, insulating conductors, June 1
Chatterton, projectiles, June 1
Chatterton, treating gutta-percha,June19
Chatterton, telegraph conductors, Nov. 6
Chatwood, sewing machines, July 31
Chatwood, iron safes, Nov. 23
Cheetham, cop-tubes, Oct. 11
Chesterman, tempering steel, May 1
Chetwyn, gloves, Dec. 28
Chevalier, table-stand, Nov. 13
Chevrier, neutralizing smell, April 27
Childs, cleaning grain, Feb. 3
Childs, artificial gums, March 23
Childs, pocket match-safe, Oct. 25
Church, coke, June 29
Cichowski, ploughs, April 27
Claeys, corks and bungs, Oct. 23
Clapham, deodorizing agents, Nov. 20
Clark, railway axles, July 24
Clark, engines, Jan. 17
Clark, drying fabrics, Aug. 3
Clark, telegraphs, Feb. 17
Clark, vegetable matters, Nov. 23
Clark, railway rails, June 8
Clark, file-cutting machines, Nov. 6
Clark, envelopes, Dec. 14
Clark, music-holder, Jan. 20
Clark, pulp machine, May 22
Clark, ammonia, Oct. 17
Clark, disinfecting matters, April 24
Clark, bathing media, April 13
Clark, applying paper, Sept. 12
Clark, power-looms, Oct. 11
Clark, storing grain, Dec. 7
Clark, treating peat, Aug. 14
Clark, telegraph wires, April 20
Clark, gas, July 27
Clark, boots and shoes, June 8
Clark, cyanide of barium, Nov. 1
Clark, railway signals, March 16
Clark, sewing machines, Feb. 14
Clark, tanning hides, Sept. 12
Clark, steam-engines, Sept. 19
Clark, fire-arms, Oct. 11
Clark, signal lanterns, Dec. 14
Clark, fire-arms, Sept. 2
Clark, "sizing" threads, July 24
Clark, finishing fabrics, Jan. 4
Clarke, registering apparatus, Dec. 11
Clarke, extracting seeds, May 1
Clarke, grinding paper-stuff, Oct. 17
Clay, gun-barrels, July 31
Clay, cannon, May 4
Clay, grubbing implements, Oct. 23
Clayton, safty-valves, Jan. 27
Clegg. filtering, Feb. 10
Cliff, cleansing wool waste, June 19
Cliff, clay retorts, June 19
Clissold, driving belts, Sept. 27
Cochrane, core bars, May 22
Cochrane, railway chairs, March 27
Cocks, cloths, Feb. 7
Coey, butter-holders, March 20
Coffey, motive power, July 6
Cohade, motive power, Aug. 24
Coignet, artificial stone, May 22
Cole, time-keepers, April 24
Cole, pencil lead, Aug. 7
Cole, weaving looms, Nov. 9
Cole, brushes, Aug. 10
Cole, pencils and holders, July 29
Coles, iron-cased ships, Dec. 11
Collier, pile fabrics, May 22
Collignon, typography, March 16
Collyer, paper pulp, Sept. 27
Collyer, drawing ink-pencil, June 5
Collyer, tubes, Oct. 4
Collyer, telegraph cables, Nov. 23
Collyer, preparing pulp, Aug. 28
Combe, hackling flax, March 9
Combe, slubbing frames, Nov. 26
Conant, weaving looms, July 27
Cook, screw-making tools, April 3
Cookson, gas regulators, Dec. 4
Cooley, wove fabrics, Aug. 7
Cooper, drying yarns, Sept. 12
Cooper, fire-arms, April 17
Copcutt, gas and carbon, Nov. 13
Cope, lace fabrics, Aug. 14
Cope, treating tobacco, Nov. 16
Copping, coffins, July 27
Corbett, pulping cattle food, May 17
Corbett, evaporating pans, Oct. 17
Cordner, kites, Feb. 3
Cormier, preserving eggs, June 12
Cornely, railways, Feb. 21
Corry, gloves, Sept. 19
Cottam, chairs and bedsteads, July 17
Cotterell, umbrellas and parasols, Dec. 28
Cotton, looped fabrics, Jan. 4
Cotton, looped fabrics, July 6
Court, gas-lamps and stoves, March 16
Cowan, "bracing" chairs, April 20
Cowdery, brick-making, Aug. 14
Cowper, mixing oils, Feb. 24
Cowper, dyeing fabrics, July 17
Cowper, photography, March 23
Cox, running notches, Dec. 21
Cox, umbrella stretchers, Aug. 17
Craig, cropping machines, Nov. 16
Cramer, bedsteads, Jan. 17
Cranen, ball-cocks, Feb. 24
Cranston, reaping machines, Nov. 6
Craufurd, bricks, Sept. 27
Crawshay, iron pulleys, Sept. 12
Creaser, reaping machines, Dec. 18
Cressey, trussing casks, June 26
Crocker, cutting corks, March 23
Croll, revivifying gas, Dec. 4
Crook, paper bags, May 29
Crosland, steam-engines, June 1
Crosskill, reaping-machines, May 22
Crossley, singe plates, Oct. 11
Culpin, water-closets, July 27
Cunnew, elastic bands, Jan. 4
Cunningham, reefing sails, Aug. 10
Cunningham, weaving, Jan. 4
Curley, measuring liquids, June 1
Curtis, finishing fabrics, July 17
Czugajewicz, stereoscopes, July 6
Daft, coating metal, Feb. 3
Daft, flexible valves, March 23
Daft, coating iron, July 24
Dagron, microscope, Sept. 27
Dahlke, filtering, July 27
Dale, colouring matter, Sept. 19
Dale, colouring matters, Nov. 20
Dale, dyeing fabrics, Oct. 17
Dales, deodorizing fluids, April 24
Dalgety, time-keepers, Aug. 3
Dammann, fumigations, March 27
Dana, fire-arms, Oct. 11
Daniell, fire-arms, May 11
D'Aubreville, metallic boxes, Oct. 23
Davey, dress fastenings, Nov. 6
David, jacquard apparatus, April 27
Davidson, paper bags, Feb. 7
Davies, pasteboard, Jan. 31
Davies, gas-burners, June 26
Davies, printing, Feb. 28
Davies, tobacco-pipes, June 1
Davies, dyeing fabrics, Jan. 25
Davies, boots and shoes, Nov. 1
Davies, vaporizing liquids, March 30
Davies, stocking needles, Dec. 21
Davies, gunpowder, Sept. 27
Davies, mattresses, Dec. 4
Davies, supplying boilers, Dec. 28
Davis, making bread, Aug. 10
Davis, safety apparatus, Nov. 1
Davison, fluid-holders, March 16
Dawes, exhaustion hammer, May 15
Dawes, metal shoes, July 13
Dawes, working hammers, June 26
Dawson, weaving looms, April
Dawson, dyeing cotton, Oct. 23
Day, underclothing, April 20
Deacon, soda, July 27
Deane, fire-arms, Sept. 19
Deane, kitchen ranges, Dec. 11
De Baran, stopping bottles, Oct. 11
De Bary, cigar-making, April 3
De Bergue, riveting machines, July 6
De Buyer, cast-iron wheels, Nov. 1
De Carvalho, bridges and ceilings, Dec. 4
De Changy, bread, April 17
Defries, gas-meters, March 13
Dejean, motive power, May 25
De La Ferte, photography, April 13
Delafield, distilling glycerine, June 22
De Laire, colouring matter, Nov. 9
Delannoy, lubricating, Feb. 3
Delavier, coffee-pots, April 27
De Lisle, clarifying liquids, Feb. 3
De Maniquet, spinning filaments, June 8
De Matthys, telegraph cables, May 29
De Meyer, pianofortes, Nov. 13
Dempsey, folding bindings, June 19
De Nabat, shearing animals, June 22
Denis, preparing pulp, Nov. 6
Denison, weighing-machines, July 13
Denny, singeing pigs, May 22
Denny, feed apparatus, Oct. 17
Destas, wind or water engine, Aug. 28
Desvignes, exhibiting pictures, Aug. 24
De Tivoli, ambulance, Dec 4
Dewar, moulding india-rubber, June 29
Dewick, bobbin-net, Dec. 18
Dible, ventilating, Jan. 4
Dickins, spinning and doubling, Nov. 23
Dickson, making yarns, June 8
Dierickx, coining, Feb. 7
Dietz, lubricators, Aug. 3
Dinsmore, splitting leather, Dec. 18
Disston, hand-saws, Nov. 23
Dodd, smith's apparatus, March 30
Donald, raising liquids, May 11
Donisthorpe, dressing fibres, Feb. 14
Donkin, slide-valves, Jan. 31
Donkin, paper-making, July 20
Dorsett, heavy oil, May 22
Dougall, fire-arms, Nov. 6
Doull, excavating, Dec. 28
Dowie, railway signals, May 4
Dray, reaping machines, Dec. 11
Dressler, dining-tables, June 26
Drieu, tissue, April 20
Driver, washing apparatus, Aug. 28
Drukker, clocks, Oct. 11
Drury, vices, Feb. 24
Dufosse, framework, Oct. 11
Dugdale, shaft bearings, Nov. 9
Dugdale, weaving looms, Dec. 4
Dujardin, printing telegraphs, Aug. 21
Dulos, engraving metals, Aug. 14
Dumont, separating minerals, Dec. 28
Duncan, charcoal, July 17
Dunn, locomotives, July 13
Dunn, levelling liquids, Jan. 27
Dunnicliff, bonnet fronts, May 22
Dunnicliff, bobbin-net machines, Oct. 23
Dunock, drying wool, March 9
Duplomb, finishing fabrics, March 6
Duppa, carpenters' benches, Jan. 4]
Durand, poppy paper, Aug. 7
Dusautoy, making paper, July 3
Eagleton, annealing furnaces, Feb. 24
Eason, tanning, June 29
Eastman, door-bolts, Dec. 14
Eastman, screw propellers, Feb. 28
Eastwood, steam hammers, May 22
Eastwood, lathes, May 22
Eastwood, combing fibres, March 13
Eaton, steel, Sept. 19
Eccles, brick machines, Aug. 28
Echard, ploughing machines, April 13
Edmonds, winnowing, Jan. 4
Edwards, buttons, May 8
Edwards, bridge foundations, Aug. 24
Effertz, brick machines, July 20
Eisenstuck, knitting machines, Nov. 6
Elder, steam-engines, April 13
Elkin, window-frames, May 17
Elliot, weighing coal, Nov. 20
Elliott, strengthening surfaces, June 5
Elliott, lubricators, March 13
Ellis, reticules, Jan. 4
Ellis, steam-engines, Sept. 12
Emery, carriages, June 8
Engelmann, steam-engines, March 13
Engler, electric insulators, March 6
English, copying machine, March 30
Ermen, spinning fibres, July 13
Erskine, fire-arms, Jan. 13
Eskell, artificial teeth beds, Dec. 28
Eunson, refrigerators, June 29
Evans, drawing metals, Dec. 21
Evans, polishing thread, April 27
Evans, polishing yarns, Oct. 23
Evaux, artificial marbles, Jan. 31
Ewer, fountain pens, Sept. 27
Faber, pencil-cases, July 27
Fairbairn, self-acting lathes, Oct. 4
Fairbairn, hemp rollers, Oct. 23
Fairbanks, weighing letters, Feb. 3
Fairburn, combing fibres, March 2
Fairclough, bottoms, June 15
Farmer, cocoa and chocolate, Sept. 27
Farmer, boots' heels and tips, Nov. 26
Farquhar, gas-meters, Feb. 3
Farrar, treating iron, Jan. 4
Farrar, spinning fibres, Dec. 7
Fearn, buoys, Feb. 28
Fearnley, steam-hammers, June 26
Fearnley, weaving-looms, July 13
Feldwick, roller-blinds, April 20
Ferguson, weaving-looms, Nov. 6
Fernihough, pistons, March 28
Ferrabee, screw wrenches, June 19
Ferrier, clock, July 10
Field, cleaning apparel, March 20
Field, superheating steam, Feb. 28
Fielden, cutting skins, July 27
Fielden, self-acting mules, Nov. 13
Finegan, lubricators, Feb. 10
Finlay, ships and vessels, July 20
Firmin, acids and salts, Jan. 20
Firmin, furnaces, Sept. 3
Firmin, sacking, Dec. 4
Fisher, chimney-tops, Nov. 6
Fisher, washing clothes, July 3
Fisher, oven grates, Nov. 16
Fitzgerald, fire-arms, Oct. 11
Fleet, stopping wheels, June 19
Fleetwood, stamping metal, April 13
Fleming, washing textile fabrics, Nov. 13
Fletcher, sewing-machines, Jan. 17
Fletcher, looped fabrics, April 27
Fletcher, regulating apparatus, Nov. 16
Fletcher, treating saccharine, Dec. 14
Fletcher, iron-heating stoves, Dec. 21
Fonrobert, gilding fibres, Aug. 17
Foord, raising sunk craft, May 22
Forbes, cleaning cotton, Dec. 28
Ford, driving gear, Oct. 17
Forgie, life-preservers, Nov. 1
Formby, water-power, Dec. 7
Fournier, gas, June 19
Fowler, tilling machines, Jan. 31
Fowler, door-locks, July 3
Fowler, tilling land, Oct. 4
Fowler, making pins, Dec. 28
Fox, umbrellas, Jan. 4
Foxwell, sewing-machines, Nov. 9
Freeland, prepared hay, Feb. 10
Fry, furniture castors, July 3
Fuller, cutting metal, Oct. 4
Fyfe, regulating liquids, May 15
Gadd, edgings and quillings, May 22
Gaillard, containing fluids, July 17
Gamble, bobbin-net fabrics, June 8
Gardiner, carriage-springs, Feb. 28
Gardner, metallic bedsteads, July 6
Gardner, paper-making, Sept. 19
Garnett, writing-desks, June 15
Gatellier, crucibles, July 10
Gatwood, fixing rails, Oct. 17
Gedge, nails, March 6
Gedge, ore-dressing apparatus, Sept. 12
Gedge, chairs, Dec. 28
Gedge, lathes, Aug. 24
Gedge, washing fecula, Aug. 24
Gedge, alloys, May 4
Gedge, stamp-holder, March 20
Gedge, liquid preparation, Sept. 3
Gedge, packing-cases, June 22
Gedge, tooth-brush, June 22
Gedge, distilling-retorts, July 17
Gedge, drying fecula, Aug. 24
Gedge, supporting plants, June 22
Geeves, saw-mills, Oct. 23
Geldard, chemical infusions, Feb. 21
Gennerich, motive power, June 8
Ghesquiere, gold malleable, April 24
Gibbs, brushes and mats, Jan. 4
Gibson, removing soil, March 16
Gibson, railways, June 29
Gilbee, railway signal, Aug. 21
Gilbee, colouring matter, June 1
Gilbee, treating saccharine, July 24
Giles, traction engines, June 22
Gillespie, reaping-machines, Aug 14
Gillis, engine regulator, Aug. 14
Glassborow, pianos, Jan. 17
Glasson, steam-engines, June 19
Gloag, fire-arms, Dec. 28
Godchaux, printing designs, May 15
Goddard, dyeing yarns, July 10
Godefroy, submarine cables, April 17
Goff, drying malt and corn, Feb. 21
Goodall, carding fibres, June 15
Gordon, pulping coffee, March 16
Gossage, soap, May 8
Gossage, carbonate of soda, May 15
Gossell, locomotive engines, June 1
Gulson, fluid meters, Dec. 21
Goulson, gas-meters. June 29
Gourlay, steam-engines, Sept. 12
Goutard, winding-up watches, Dec. 21
Gowland, surveying instruments, Mar. 6
Graham, galvanizing iron, April 27
Grainger, fire-arms, Sept. 12
Grant, breakwaters, Nov. 13
Grantham, raising vessels, Oct. 11
Gray, power-looms, July 17
Greaves, moulding pipes, April 20
Greaves, railways, April 20
Green, charging gas retorts, Dec. 28
Green, manuring machine, June 1
Green, coating metals, April 20
Green, boiler-tubes, Jan. 13
Green, brick machines, Oct. 4
Green, bag machine, Aug. 10
Green, sewing-machine, Oct. 23
Green, agricultural implements, Sept. 19
Greenway, salt, Oct. 25
Greenwood, tiles, Dec. 4
Greenwood, lathe-beds, April 13
Greenwood, cutting wood, Aug. 3
Greenwood, carding fibres, Dec. 28
Gregory, steam-engines, Feb. 17
Greiner, pianofortes, April 3
Grice, nuts and screws, May 8
Grimond, weaving, Oct. 23
Hale, candle-lamp, Aug. 28
Hale, impelling shot, Dec. 21
Hall, india-rubber cloth, Oct. 4
Hall, cotton-wadding, Jan. 17
Hall, tilling machines, July 31
Hall, cartridges, May 17
Hamer, insulating wires, April 27
Hamer, rugs and quilts, Oct. 4
Hamilton, propelling vessels, July 27
Hamilton, steam-vessels, Oct. 4
Hamilton, marine steam-engines, July 27
Hancock, insulating conductors, June 12
Hancock, working butter, Sept. 27
Hanon, vegetable albumen, Dec. 28
Hansemann, spinning machines, Oct. 4
Hanson, watch escapements, Feb. 17
Hanson, fire-arms, April 17
Hansor, coal-gas, Nov. 13
Harding, combing fibres, June 5
Harding, fire-arms, Dec. 7
Hardon, weaving looms, Feb. 28
Hardon, finishing fabrics, Oct. 23
Hardy, cleaning boilers, April 17
Hare, pianofortes, Feb. 3
Harfield, windlasses, June 5
Harfield, capstans, Nov. 6
Harland, covering decks, June 15
Harrington, steam-engines, July 20
Harrison, spinning-machines, Dec. 14
Harrison, broiling meat, Feb. 3
Harrison, gas-meters, July 6
Harrison, spinning-mules, March 13
Hart, hats, Feb. 10
Hartley, steam-engines, March 6
Hartley, steam-engines, July 3
Harvey, safety valves, Aug. 7
Harvey, fire-arms, Oct 23
Harwood, reaping-machines, July 27
Haseltine, spring-bed bottoms, Sept. 27
Grimshaw, washing and bleaching, Feb. 7 Haskard, looped fabrics, Sept. 27
Grimshaw, letter-boxes, Jan. 13
Haskard, lace machine, Jan. 4
Grimshaw, indicators, July 6
Haughton, slubbing fibres, Dec. 28
Grimshaw, compressing earth, Dec. 21
Hawkins, fly-presses, Jan. 25
Grimston, balling threads, Dec. 21
Grumel, drawing albums, Nov. 9
Guffroy, smoke-consumer, July 13
Guffroy, preparing fish, Dec. 7
Guibal, mining apparatus, March 27
Guillemin, submarine telegraph, Nov. 6
Gullick, spur-box, Aug. 14
Gumpel, motive power, March 13
Guthrie, lowering ships' boats, June 22
Hackworth, dynamic valve gear, Apr. 17
Haddan, fire-arms, Aug. 3
Hadfield, cutting staves, April 27
Hadfield, bricks and tiles, Dec. 4
Hadfield, casks and barrels, Dec. 4
Hadwen, spinning fibres, March 13
Haeck, refrigerators, Jan. 25
Haines, driving straps, May 29
Hale, ladies' garments, Jan. 25
Hawkins, smoke-consumers, June 1
Hawksey, drawing curtains, Dec. 28
Hawksley, pumps, Feb. 17
Hayem, cravats and stocks, Aug. 7
Hayes, wheel-break, July 13
Haynes, metals from ores, Aug. 17
Haywood, button machines, Sept. 19
Haywood, threshing-machine, Dec. 28
Heal, spring mattresses, May 8
Heatley, threshing-machines, Sept. 27
Heaton, coining machinery, Jan. 25
Hedgcock, quadrants, Feb. 14
Hedley, valves, Oct 17
Hedley, motive power, Dec. 11
Heilman, dyeing colour, April 20
Heindryckx, railways, Feb. 14
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