E. M.W.McDougall. J. Rhéaume. Judges, Circuit Court, District of Montreal, Paul Ditto, Quebec, E. des Rivières. Chief Judge of Sessions of Peace, G. Perrault. Ditto, Quebec, F. H. Fortier, A. Fitzpatrick. Local Judge in Admiralty of the Exchequer Court of Canada, Hon. L. P. Demers, Montreal. Sheriff, Quebec, Ditto, Montreal, Joseph Lamarche. Clerks of Appeal, A. Pouliot, K.C., and L. Ouimet. Clerks of the Crown and Clerks of the Peace, Montreal, L. P. Caisse. Clerk of the Crown, Quebec, Clerk of the Peace, Quebec, C. Gendron. NOVA SCOTIA. Situation, Area, and Population. Nova Scotia is a peninsula (and the Island of Cape Breton) between the 43rd and 47th parallels, connected with New Brunswick by an isthmus about 17 miles wide; its length is about 386 miles, and its breadth about 100 at its widest, with much variation. The island of Cape Breton, separated by the Strait of Canso, forms part of the Province. miles The Province is 21,428 square area, a small part of which consists of lakes, rivers, and inlets of the sea. The population at the census of 1931 was 512,846. History. in Nova Scotia was first discovered by the Norsemen and rediscovered by John Cabot in 1497; it was colonised by the French in 1598; was taken by the English, and a grant of it made to Sir W. Alexander by James I. in 1621. In 1632 it was restored to France, with Quebec, by the Treaty of St. Germainen-laye, but again ceded to England at the Peace of Utrecht in 1714. After the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, a settlement of disbanded troops was formed there by Lord Halifax, and the city which now bears his name is the capital of that province. Cape Breton was not finally taken from the French until 1758. From 1784 to 1819 it formed a separate colony. Description. Halifax is the capital; population at the census of 1931 was 59,275. Its harbour is open at all seasons, and is not surpassed by any in the world, affording safe anchorage for at least 1,000 ships. A dry dock and ship-building plant is also situated at Halifax capable of accommo dating the largest ships. There are many other fine harbours which are able to afford shelter to the largest vessels. There is no point in the province distant over thirty miles from a good seaport. Some of the other chief towns are: Annapolis, Antigonish, Dartmouth, Digby, Glace Bay, Kentville, New Glasgow, Truro, Yarmouth, Pictou, Windsor, Sydney Mines, North Sydney, Amherst, Lunenburg, and Liverpool. Extensive iron and steel works are established at the City of Sydney and New Glasgow. Minerals of almost all kinds abound. The production of some of the principal minerals, that are at present mined, for the fiscal year 1937, is as follows: There are large deposits of other minerals which have not, as yet, been commercially mined. The greater portion of the inhabitants are engaged in mining, fishing, agriculture and the growth of fruit, for which the province is well adapted. Apples of different varieties and of very superior quality are extensively grown and exported to England and other parts of Europe. The 1937 crop was estimated at 2,250,000 barrels. A considerable quantity of wood pulp is manufactured and exported, principally to England; the conditions prevailing are well suited for this industry, which is rapidly growing. The fisheries of the province are very valuable. Their value in 1937 was $6,015,186. There are many establishments for canning and preserving lobsters and drying and preserving other fish. The timber trade is carried on to a considerable extent. England is the chief customer, but shipments are also made to other parts of Europe. Spruce and pine are the principal kinds of timber manufactured and exported. The estimated value of the primary forest products in 1937 reached the sum of $8,500,000. There are a number of shipyards for the building of wooden vessels, and there are plants for the construction of steel ships at New Glasgow and at Halifax. A large mill for the manufacturing of steel ships' plates is operating at Sydney. The climate is remarkably healthful and more temperate than that of any other part of the Dominion. Constitution. Nova Scotia is represented in the present Dominion Parliament by 10 Members in the Senate and 12 Members in the House of Commons. The local government is administered by a Lieut.-Governor, advised by an Executive Council of seven members (six of whom are departmental heads), responsible to the Legislature, which consists of a House of Assembly of 30 representatives elected every five years. Education. The present system of elementary education was established by law in 1864. The central control is vested in the Council of Public Instruction-a body identical in membership with the Executive Council of the Province. The local management of schools is vested, so far as the ordinary school sections or districts are concerned, in a Board of Trustees chosen by the ratepayers of the section or district, though in certain cases the board may be increased by two appointees of the Government. But in incorporated towns, the powers of trustees are exercised by a Board of Commissioners partly appointed by the Town Council and partly by the Government. In 1937 there were 3,346 classrooms in operation, with a gross attendance of 116,656. Education is compulsory, i.e., non-attendance exposes to pecuniary penalties between the ages of 7 and 14 in rural schools and 6 and 16 in towns and cities. Under "The Technical Education Act," of 1907, evening technical schools and coal mining schools have been established in all the larger industrial centres in order to produce a class of educated, skilled workmen for the various manufacturing and mining industries. A central institution called "The Nova Scotia Technical College" has been established at Halifax, where instruction of a college grade is provided in mining, civil, mechanical and electrical engineering. The principal of this college is the Director of Technical Education. Beginning with the school year 1935-36 free text books Grades I to VIII inclusive were provided by the Department of Education. The free books become the property of the school trustees to be preserved for use in succeeding years. Facilities for Teacher-training have been provided in the three Nova Scotian Universities, and the training taken at the Universities is the equivalent of that taken at the Provincial Normal College, Truro, for purposes of teacher's licence. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Inspector of Mines, Thomas J. Casey. Premier and Provincial Secretary, Hon. A. L. Deputy Minister of Labour, Minister of Highways, Hon. A. S. MacMillan. Attorney General and Minister of Lands and Forests Minister of Highways, Hon. A. S. MacMillan. Chief Clerk, Dept. Lands and Forests, F. R. Harrison. New Brunswick is represented in the Canadian Senate by 10 Members, and sends 9 Members to the House of Commons. There is a Legislative Assembly of 48 Members, An Act was elected under a liberal franchise. passed in 1891 abolishing the Legislative Council from the end of the then present Parliament, and the Council came to an end with the dissolution of 1892. Members receive $1,000 per session, and their travelling expenses. Industries. Coal is abundant. Recent valuable discoveries of oil have been made; copper and gypsum exist in large quantities. There are also several salt springs, and antimony, iron, and manganese have been found in considerable quantities. There are also vast deposits of rich bituminous shale, which is A great likely to have a good commercial value. portion of the country is covered by dense forests of fine timber, the cutting and working of which "lumbering "-furnishes remunerative Extensive development of ployment to many. the pulp and paper industry, in which the water are being utilized, is in progress. Livepowers stock raising and dairying feature the agricultural activities. Wheat, Indian corn, barley, buck. wheat, and oats, are the principal cereals raised. Potatoes are the most valuable field crop. Apples and plums of excellent quality are largely grown, also strawberries, raspberries, and other small -or em fruits. The fisheries are extensive, both sea and 65 miles inland, is the capital (pop. 8,830 (1931)), Education. Asystem of elementary education was established by Act, 1871. The central control is vested in a Board of Education, and the local management is in the hands of Boards of School Trustees. Education is free between the ages of 6 and 20. There were in 1931 2,473 schools and 84,170 scholars, exclusive of technical schools and private schools. The University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, is the Provincial University. Other universities are Mount Allison University, Sackville, N.B., St. Joseph's University, Memramcook, N.B. and St. Thomas College, Chatham, N.B. Lieutenant-Governors since 1902. 1902 J. B. Snowball. 1907 L. J. Tweedie, K. C. 1917 G. W. Ganong. Hon. W. Pugsley, K.C. 1928 Major-Gen. H. H. McLean, K. C. SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, FREDERICTON. Lieutenant-Governor, Colonel The Hon. Murray Executive Council. Minister of Education, Federal and Municipal Constituencies. Kent King's Madawaska Northumberland Queen's St. John (City) St. John (County) Sunbury Victoria Westmorland Moncton City York Members. Hon. A. A. Dysart. F. G. Richard. W. W. V. Foster. C. C. McDonald. Hon. W. S. Anderson. R. J. Gill. F. A. McGrand. W. M. Jenkins. H. A. Porter. Hon. E. J. Henneberry. G. F. Smith. W. C. Lawson. Hon. A. C. Taylor. Hon. J. B. McNair. H. R. Gunter. Provincial Establishment. Director of Educational Services, Fletcher Peacock, A. S. Chief Superintendent of Education, Deputy Provincial Secretary-Treasurer and Deputy Registrar General, W. B. Trites, $3,300. Deputy Minister of Agriculture, J.K. King, $3,300. Deputy Minister of Lands and Mines, G. H. Prince, $3,300. Deputy Minister of Public Works, A. W. Barbour, Chief Medical Officer, Dr. W. Warwick, $4,000. Director of Federal and Municipal Relations, James Judicial Establishment. Chief Justice of New Brunswick, Hon. J. B. M. Baxter, Chief Justice King's Bench, Hon. J. H. Barry, $10,000. Richards, Hon. A. T. Le Blanc, Hon. W. H. Judge of the Court of Marriage and Divorce, Hon. County Court Judges, Hon. A. R. Slipp, J. L. Ryan, Registrar of the Supreme Court, H. Lester Smith, $3,300. MANITOBA. Area and Situation. Manitoba became a Province of the Canadian Federation by legislative enactments taking effect on the 15th July, 1870. It is bounded on the north by the 60th parallel of latitude; on the west by the Eastern boundary of the Province of Saskatchewan; on the south by the United States; on the east by the western boundary of the Province of Ontario to Hudson's Bay, and by Hudson's Bay for a distance of 300 miles. The area of Manitoba is 246,512 square miles, of which 219,723 square miles are land and 26,789 water. Manitoba No. 1 Northern, because of its superior milling qualities, is in great demand by millers, and has made the Prairie Provinces of Canada famous. Winnipeg is now the leading grain market on the Continent. There is a steady trend toward diversified agriculture in Manitoba and but few farmers now confine their activities solely to grain growing. The principal agricultural exports of the country are wheat, beef, cattle, bacon, poultry and dairy products. In 1937 agricultural production included:Manitoba Field Crops, 1937. (Exclusive of Native Hay and Native Pasture). The average yield of wheat per acre for ten Good farms years is 13'85 bushels per acre. within easy reach of a railway may be purchased at from $5 to $20 per acre. The growth of Winnipeg, the principal city, is remarkable. In 1871 it contained about 241 inhabitants; in 1896, 35,000; and in 1931 (census figures) 218,785. The other chief cities and towns of the province are Brandon, St. Boniface, Portage la Prairie, Neepawa, Emerson, Carman, Selkirk, Minnedosa, Morden, Transcona, Souris, Dauphin, Manitou, Virden, and The Pas. Population of Manitoba, 1931 census figures, 700,139. Several brick manufacturing plants have been Cement established throughout the province. for building purposes is manufactured on a large scale. Hard wall plaster is extensively produced. A sand suitable for glass is found in great quantities. Gold, copper and other valuable minerals have been discovered in great quantities in different parts of the province, particularly in the new territory North of the Saskatchewan River, also to the East of Lake Winnipeg. Development is proceeding apace, and Manitoba, hitherto regarded as an agricultural province, gives every promise of becoming an important mining province. Manufacturing industries are becoming numerous in Winnipeg. Statistics of manufacturers for the whole province for 1936:-1,011 industrial establishments, with a capital of $118,515,841; employees 22,507; wages and salaries $24,490,299; cost of material used $74,374,078; and gross value of products $122,050,502. The Winnipeg Hydro Electric System on the Winnipeg River, 77 miles from the City, develops 105,000 h.p. and also develops 48,000 h.p. at Slave Falls, 6 miles below, where 96,000 will ultimately be developed. The Winnipeg Electric Company has a development of 37,800 h.p. at the Pinawa Channel of the Winnipeg River, also develops about 60,000 h.p. at Seven Sisters site where the ultimate installation is to be 225,000 h.p. at which time the Pinawa plant will be closed, and has a development of 168,000 h.p. at Great Falls. The cost of electricity in Winnipeg for power is from 31/3 cents to 8/10 cent gross per kilowatt hour with discounts ranging from 10 to 60 per cent; and the net cost per kilowatt hour for domestic purposes is 3 cents to '829 cent. Railway Facilities. In the year 1879 there was no railway in the whole of the country between Lake Superior and In 1937 there were in the the Rocky Mountains. province of Manitoba 5,919 miles of single track steam railways in operation, not including industrial track, yard and sidings. These railways afford easy access to market from all parts of the Province. Education. By the "Public Schools Act" of 1890, a system of schools was established throughout the Province. This Act provides "that all public schools shall be free schools, and that every person between the ages of 6 and 21 years shall have the right Attendance is compulsory to attend some school.' In 1937 there were 2,063 school houses employing 4,458 teachers and with an enrolment of 140,542 pupils. There are 15 junior high schools, 136 oneroom high schools, 38 two-room high schools, 23 collegiate departments and 27 collegiate institutes. Normal schools are provided for the training of teachers. The There is one University, The University of Manitoba, with four faculties, namely, Arts and Science (including Pharmacy), Medicine, Engineering and Architecture, Agriculture, Home Economics and Commerce. The enrolment in 1937-38 was and 2,697 in regular courses, and in addition 1.435 in Extension courses. Summer School following colleges are affiliated: St. Boniface, St. Paul's and St. Mary's (Roman Catholic), St. John's College (Church of England), United Colleges (United Church) and Brandon College (non denominational). Law is taught in Manitoba Law School, which is under the direction of trustees jointly appointed by the University and the Law Society of Manitoba. Finances. Expendi Fiscal year ending 30th April, 1937 :- ture. $16,427,700 Lieutenant-Governors since 1895. 1895 Hon. J. C. Patterson. 1900 Sir D. H. McMillan, K. C.M.G. SEAT OF GOVERNMENT-WINNIPEG. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Premier, President of Executive Council, Provincial and Minister of Public Works and Labour, Hon. W. R. Minister of Health and Public Welfare, Hon. I. B. Minister of Agriculture and Immigration, Hon. D. L. Natural Resources, Hon. J. S. McDiarmid. Deputy Provincial Treasurer, R. McN. Pearson. |