Roads and Pack Trails. The interior of Basutoland is exceptionally mountainous and can only be reached by horseback and transport of goods is by pack animal along bridle paths. On the western side of Basutoland where there is a strip of comparatively low-lying agricultural country, which is thickly populated, a fairly good road system has been developed. The main trunk road runs from Butha Buthe in the north through Leribe, Teyateyaneng, Maseru, Mafeteng, Mohale's Hoek, to Quthing in the south, a distance of 185 miles, fairly close to the western border and there are other main roads, connecting this road with the South African Railways. Similarly there are feeder roads, providing communication with trading stations and missions from the main western road up to the first range of mountains. On the mountainous eastern side a small road system connects Qacha's Nek with Matatiele in East Griqualand. Short feeder roads serve the trading stations near Qacha's Nek on the southern side. The whole system comprises 360 miles of main roads, and 132 miles of feeder roads maintained at Government expense and 290 miles of road leading to trading stations maintained by Traders with Government assistance. The only Government Station not served by a motor road is Mokhotlong, a sub-station of the Qacha's Nek district, which is connected by pack trails with Qacha's Nek and Himeville in Natal.

The South African Railways and Harbours run regular motor-bus services between Zastron and Mohale's Hoek, Zastron and Quthing, Fouriesburg and Butha Buthe, in each case connecting with railheads in the Orange Free State.

Railways. There are no railways through the country, but in December, 1905, the Central South African Railways opened a branch line from Marseilles station on the Bloemfontein-Ladysmith main line to Maseru.

The line of postal communication is through the Orange Free State, Cape Province and Natal. Letters to and from Europe take about 20 days by rail and steamer and 9 days by air-mail. Postal rates are similar to those obtaining in the Union of South Africa. Savings Bank facilities and a money order system have been extended to Basutoland. There are telegraph stations at Butha Buthe, Leribe, Teyateyaneng, Maseru, Morija, Mafeteng, Mohale's Hoek, Quthing and Qacha's Nek; a telephone line runs along the eastern border connecting Maseru with all Government Stations from Butha Buthe in Does not include 1 vocational school with 67 pupils.

1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

£ £ £ £ £ 611,110 566,767 588,331 712,125 760,736 .. 330,157 284,522 331,145 302,193 368,629

The principal imports are blankets, ploughs, clothing, tin ware and other native requirements, lbs., value 154,3291.), mohair (817,849 lbs., value and the principal exports in 1936 were wool (5,986,871 42,1241.), wheat (96,250 bags of 200 lbs., value 65,7961), and cattle, 6,613 units, value 34,3651.

District Administration :

District Commissioners, E. G. Dutton, 9007.; L. Clementi, 9001.; T. B. Kennan, M.C., 8801.; R. S. Balfe, 7501.; I. R. Russell, 7301.; G. T. Stanley Clarke, 7301.; G. J. Armstrong, M.B.E., 7001.; E. C. Butler, 7001.

Assistant District Commissioners, R. E. K. Murray, 5501.; H. J. D. Elliot, 3801.; D. M. Wilson, 3801.; A. G. T. Chaplin, 3601.; R. F. Thompson, 3601. ; W. G. S. Driver, 3601.; P. Hughes, 3601.; G. E. Pott, 3601. Assistant District Commissioners (Cadets), The Earl of Wemyss, 3401.; T. W. Fraser, 3401.; F. G. Muirhead, 3401.; H. M. L. Shearer, 3401.; G. B. Gray, 3401.; K. W. S. Mackenzie, 340l. ; R. H. M. Martin, 3401.

Commissioner of Police and Prisons, Major R. W. Booth, O.B.E., 7501.

Superintendents, Capt. F. A. Piers, 6001.; Capt. J. Smith, 6001.; Capt. E. E. Strong, 600l.; Capt. H. A. Smith, 6007.; Capt. F. D. Warren, 6001. Assistant Superintendents, G. H. Cockrell, 3607.; R. C. Bigg, 3251.; L. W. Clarke, 2701.; P. D. Williams, 2501.; R. M. Williams, 2501.; P. H. Kitson, 2501.; H. C. Aitchison, 2501. Medical :

Principal Medical Officer, H. W. Dyke, C.B.E., M.B., Ch.B. (Glas.), 1,000l. Medical Officers, K. H. Dyke, M.B., Ch.B. (Glas.), 8001.; A. E. Young, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., L.D.S.R.C.S., 8001. C. H. de la Harpe, M.B., Ch.B. (Glas.), 8001.; D. H. R. Vollet, M.B., Ch.B. (Cape), 7701.; R. C. Ogg, M.B., Ch.B. (Edin.), 7501; J. A. Gill, M.B., Ch.B. (Belf.), 7501.; E. T. Hodkinson, M.B., Ch.B. (W. W. Rand), 650l.; R. Jacobson, M.B., Ch.B. (W. W. Rand), 5907.; B. D. Whitworth, M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.), M.B., B.Chir. (Cantab.), 5501. Sanitary Inspector, J. W. Jarvis, 3501. Senior Matron, Miss E. Wilson, M.B.E., 2201. Matrons, Miss C. J. Adshade, 1907.; Miss A. M. I. Piggott, 1901.; Miss B. Harris, A.R.R.C., 1907. Leper Settlement :

Superintendent, Sir Walter Johnson, C.M.G., M.B., F.R.C.S., 8251.

Medical Officer, R. C. Germond, M.D. (Laus.), M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.), 6751. Compound Manager, L. G. Squire, 3601.

Clerk, G. Phoenix, 360!.

Matron, Miss Martin, M.B.E., 2601.

Public Works Department :

Director of Public Works, J. K. Gerrand, A.M.I.C.E., 6751.

Assistant Engineer, S. C. Carver, A.M.I.C.E., A.M.I.Struct.E., A.M.E.I.C., 5001.

Inspectors of Roads, Capt. H. J. Hall, M.C., 4501.; J. Ker, 4801.

Mechanic, R. D. Donovan, 3601.
Education:-

Director, O. B. Bull, M.A., 7751.
Inspectors of Schools, F. H. Pickett, B.A., 6001.;
E. E. Harris, M.A. (S.A.), B.Litt. (Oxon.), 4201.;
W. Jensen, B.A. (W.W. Rand.), 400l.
Lerotholi Technical School, Principal, A. S.
MacIntyre, 4307.

Agricultural and Veterinary :—

(I) Agricultural :

Director of Agriculture and Agricultural Adviser to the High Commissioner, R. W. Thornton, C.B.E., 1,2001. (800l. paid by Basutoland; balance by Bechuanaland and Swaziland equally). Agricultural Officer, L. F. Wacher, M.B.E., 7001. Agricultural and Livestock Officers, H. C. Mundell, 4501.; L. H. Collett, 4107.; C. L. F. Peachey, 4201.; A. E. Hensley, 4201. (met from Colonial Development Fund).

Engineer, E. R. Roberts, B.Sc., 5251. (met from Colonial Development Fund).

Surveyor, W. K. Hudson, 4501. (met from Colonial Development Fund).

Agricultural and Livestock Officers, F. O. A. Wande, B.Sc., 3751.; R. K. Tennant, 3751.; C. H. Aitchison, B.Sc., 3751.; B. P. Harding, 360. (met from Colonial Development Fund). Accounting Clerk, E. D. G. P. Heering, 6001.

Posts and Telegraphs.

Senior Postmaster, J. P. Jones, 5001.

Postmasters, B. H. van der Merwe, 4501.; B. L.

Austin, 4501.; G. H. Leask, 450l.; C. R. R.
Dawson, 3801.; P. S. G. Phillips, 3001.

Officers attached to High Commissioner's Office :-
Administrative Secretary to the High Commissioner,
H. E. Priestman, C.M.G., 1,3007.
Clerk, Grade I, H. E. Houghton, M.B.E., 4607.
Clerk, Grade II, Miss J. Mackintosh, 3001.
Auditor, R. E. Goodman, C.B.E., 1,100l. (of which
Basutoland pays 5501.).

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE.

Situation and Area.

The territory of the Bechuanaland Protectorate is bounded on the South and East by the Union of South Africa, on the North by Southern Rhodesia and the Zambesi and Chobe Rivers, and on the West by South-West Africa. Its area is estimated at about 275,000 square miles, and the population, according to the census taken in 1936 was 265,756, of whom 1,899 were Europeans.

History.

During the year 1885, Sir Charles Warren, who was in command of an expedition despatched from England to pacify Southern Bechuanaland, where for some time previously hostilities had been proceeding between the Bechuanas and Boers from the South African Republic, visited the principal chiefs in Northern Bechuanaland (known as the Bechuanaland Protectorate), Khama, Gaseitsiwe, and Sebele, and as a result a British Protectorate was proclaimed over their territories. No further steps were taken until the year 1891, when,

by an Order in Council dated 9th May, the limits of the Bechuanaland Protectorate were more clearly defined, and the High Commissioner was authorised to appoint such officers as might appear to him to be necessary to provide for the administration of justice, the raising of revenue, and generally for the peace, order, and good government of all persons within the limits of the Order. Sir Sidney Shippard, the Administrator of Bechuanaland, was appointed Resident Commissioner, and an Assistant Commissioner was appointed for the Northern Protectorate, and another for the Southern Protectorate.

For fiscal and several other purposes the Protectorate was treated as a portion of the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland, until the latter was annexed to the Cape Colony on the 15th November, 1895. In the autumn of that year arrangements were made for the transfer of the administration of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, with the exception of certain reserves for native chiefs, to the British South Africa Company, but was never administered by that Company. Since the annexation of British Bechuanaland to the Cape the Protectorate has been governed as a separate territory under the name of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and the form of government is very similar to that which obtains in Basutoland. There is a resident Commissioner, who is under the direction of the High Commissioner. There are District Commissioners at Gaberones, Maun, Ghanzi, Serowe, Kanye, Tsabon, Lobatsi, Mochudi, Molepolole, and Francistown. For the maintenance of law and order there is a force of police known as the Bechuanaland Protectorate Police, numbering 284. This force is under the direct control of the Resident Commissioner. There are 7 officers, 4 warrant officers, 22 European N.C.O.s, 19 European Troopers (mounted), 7 Native N.C.O.8, 115 Native Troopers (mounted), and 110 Police Messengers (dismounted). The police are stationed in small detachments at various places in the Protectorate. The headquarters of the Administration is at Mafeking, in the Cape

Province.

Climate and Industries.

The climate is delightful during the winter and airly healthy during seven months of the year. During the summer months malarial fever is prevalent in some districts.

The Protectorate is essentially a pastoral country, and although mealies and Kaffir corn are reaped by the natives in large quantities when the season is favourable, the rainfall is insufficient, or perhaps too uneven and uncertain in its distribution, to render agriculture anything but a hazardous pursuit. The staple product consists of cattle, of which there are approximately 650,000. There are also 490,000 sheep and goats. In the North, in the Tati district, gold mining has been carried on, on a small scale, for years. During the year 1937, 17,570 ozs. gold and 1,503 ozs. silver, of a total value of 122,4121., was produced.

Native Chiefs.

The principal chiefs are :

Tshekedi, Chief of the Bamangwato, whose chief town is Serowe (acting during minority of Chief Seretse).

Kgari Sechele, Chief of the Bakwena, who lives at Molepolole.

Bathoen, Chief of the Bangwaketsi, who lives at Kanye.

Musi, acting chief of the Bakgatla, who lives at Mochudi.

Moremi, Chief of the Batawana, who lives at Maun. Ketshwere bothata, acting Chief of the Bamalete, of Mokgosi Mokgosi). who lives at Ramoutsa (acting during the minority

Matlala, Chief of the Batlokwa, who lives at Gaberones.

Means of Communication.

The main trunk railway to the North, which connects Rhodesia with Cape Town runs through the Protectorate. The line north of Vryburg in the Cape Province is the property of the Rhodesia Railways, Limited, to whom, under an agreement made in 1894, the Protectorate Government was to pay a subsidy of 20,000l. a year for ten years, which has now lapsed. Proclamation No. 8 of 1927, in conjunction with A Commission was appointed in 1927 under Statutory enactments in Southern and Northern Rhodesia, to fix railway charges in the three territories. The Commission consists of a chairman viz.: and three members, one in respect of each territory, R. (Southern Rhodesia), F. H. Lowe, O.B.E. (Northern Gibb (chairman), R. D. Gilchrist Rhodesia), and S. Eales, C.M.G., C.B.E. (BechuanaI and Protectorate).

The revenue is derived principally from Customs Income Tax, and Native Tax, and the chief items of expenditure are Police and Medical. Except as stated below, no customs duty is collected in the Protectorate, but under an Agreement with the Government of the Union of South Africa, Customs completed years prior to Union, is received from the revenue, calculated on the average receipts for three Union Treasury. The Territory collects its own in the Union of South Africa, or in any British customs duties on spirits and beer manufactured Protectorate or possession in South Africa, the Government of which has entered into a customs agreement with the Union.

Treasury and Stores :

Financial Secretary, Master, Registrar of Deeds and Chief Mining Commissioner, W. H. Russell, 7601. Accountant and Assistant Master, G. Wallington, 5601.

Clerks in Treasury, J. T. D. Quigley, Grade 1, 4607.; R. F. Rankin, Grade II, 3051.; W. R. McIntosh, 3051.

Controller of Stores, M. C. Jones, 5501.
Clerk and Storeman, H. D. Mildenhall, 3551.
District Administration

District Commissioners, A. L. Cuzen, 8601.; Capt. J. W. Potts, I.S.O., 7601.; V. F. Ellenberger, 7301.; W. E. Mangan, 7307.

Assistant District Commissioners, J. W. Joyce, 4801.; S. V. Lawrenson, 550l.; W. F. Mackenzie, 500l.; W. H. J. Cairns, 3601.; J. D. A. Germond, 3801.; C. C. McLaren, 3801.; D. B. Sinclair, 3801.; A. N. W. Matthews, 3801.; P. Cardross Grant, 3401.; P. G. Batho, 3601.; A. J. T. M. MacRae, 3607.; R. E. H. Northridge, 3401.; G. J. L. Atkinson, 3401.

Clerks, Grade II, E. H. Midgley, 3501.; N. B. Rutherford, 2751.

Judicial:

President of the Special Court, Sir Walter Huggard, K.C., 1,500l. (of which Bechuanaland Protectorate pays 3751.).

Attorney-General for High Commission Territories, Major E. R. Roper, D.S.O., K.C. (Bechuanaland Protectorate share 801.).

Legal Adviser to Bechuanaland Protectorate Government, R. Kelly, allowance 2501.

Police :

Deputy Commandant, Major R. K. F. Hurndall, 600!.

Inspectors, B. Croneen, 5951.; C. K. Moseley,

5601.

Assistant Inspectors, J. Masterman, 4801.; M. R. D. Langley, 3501.

Cadet Assistant Inspector, H. E. Dixon, 3801. Posts:

Sub-Postmasters, R. Crichton, 3241.; G. H. Norris, 3001. (portions of salary paid by Bechuanaland Protectorate, 841. and 1801. respectively); L. G. Duhy, 2201. (portion of salary paid by Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1951.). Assistant Sub-Postmaster, P. E. Going, 2001. Public Works Department:-

Director of Public Works, W. G. Brind, D.F.C., M.Sc. (Hon.) (N.U.I.), B.E. (N.U.I.), 775l., house allowance 1301., plus allowance 1501. Superintending Clerk of Works, J. L. Robertson, 6001., allowance 601.

Mechanical Superintendent, J. W. McIlraith, 475l.,

allowance 601.

Draftsman and Technical Clerk, H. W. Anderson,

3801.

Assistant Clerk of Works, T. J. Powell, 3801.
Medical:-

Principal Medical Officer, J. W. Stirling, M.B.,
Ch.B., 9501., travelling allowance 601.
Medical Officers, A. A. Morgan, M.B., B.Ch., 7751.;
M. Gerber, M.D., 7501.; D. J. M. Mackenzie,
M.B., Ch.B., 6251.; M. L. Freedman, M.B.,
Ch.B.. 6251.; B. T. Squires, D.M., B.M., B.Ch.,
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., L.M.S.S.A., 6251.; C. G.
Hamilton, M.B., Ch. B., 6251.

Clerk to Principal Medical Officer, J. O'N. Anderson,

3301.

Sanitary Inspector, G. T. Joyce, 4001.

Education:

Director of Education, H. J. E. Dumbrell, O.B.E., B.A., 7751., allowance 100l., house allowance, 1301.

Veterinary :

Chief Veterinary Officer, J. H. N. Hobday, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.R.C.V.S., 7501., travelling allowance, 1501.

Veterinary Officers, W. Hay, M.R.C.V.S., 7001, travelling allowance 1007.; E. C. S. Dawe, M.R.C.V.S., 600l. and 1007. travelling allowance; H. A. Crawshaw, M.R.C.V.S., 540l. and 1001. travelling allowance ; J. W. Macaulay, M.R.C.V.S., 5201. and 1007. travelling allowance. Animal Husbandry Officer, F. B. H. Watermeyer, 4201. and 100l. travelling allowance. Stock Inspectors, K. A. Berrell, 3601. and travelling allowance 501.; A. A. Pedlar, 360l. and travelling allowance 501.; N. F. Wright, 3601., and travel. ling allowance 501.; P. A. Johnston, 3301.; R. Hoyle, 3301.; H. J. Rundle, 360l., travelling allowance 100l.; J. R. Stewart, 3301. and 50%. travelling allowance; G. B. Watson, 3301.; G. P. Engelbrecht, 3301.; H. C. Allman, 330%. and travelling allowance 501.; M. D. Maytham, 3307.; H. E. Hannam, 315.; A. Črystal, 315.; G. H. Pretorius, 3151.; F. Y. Fisher, 3001. Hide and Skin Improvement Officer, W. A. H. Sagar, 4801.

Clerk to Chief Veterinary Officer, C. J. Nelson, 410%. Agriculture:

Chief Agricultural Officer, R. England, M.B.E., 7001. and 150l. travelling allowance. Agricultural Officer, W. C. Grandi, 420l. and 1001. travelling allowance.

Dairy Officers, C. A. Challis, 450l. and 100l. travel. ling allowance; W. J. Chase, 3601. and 1001. travelling allowance.

Officers attached to the High Commissioner's Office :Assistant Secretary, R. B. M. Sullivan, 460l. and 501. allowance.

Private Secretary to the High Commissioner, E. H. Ashton, 3501., allowance 1201.

Auditor, R. E. Goodman, C.B.E., 1,000l. and allowance 100%. (of which Bechuanaland Protectorate pays 300l.).

SWAZILAND.

Situation and Area.

Swaziland is bounded on the North, West and South by the Transvaal, and on the East by Portuguese territory and Tongaland, now part of the Natal Province."

Its area is 6,704'6 square miles.

Description and Climate. The territory is divided geographically into three longitudinal regions.

The mountainous region on the West approximates an altitude of over 4,000 feet.

What is known as the Middle Veld is some 2,000 feet lower, while the Low Veld, bounded on the East by the Ubombo Mountains, attains an average altitude of not more than 1,000 feet. The first two regions are remarkably well watered. Innumerable small streams unite with the large