the sea

The headquarters of the Resident are at Seremban in Sungei Ujong, where the principal Government offices are situated. District Officers are stationed at Port Dickson, at Kuala Klawang in Jelebu, at Kuala Pilah, at Tampin, and at Seremban.

The value of imports amounted to $9,222,079 in 1937 and that of exports to $45,2 0,119. The revenue of the State, which in 1937 amounted to $11,425,313, is derived mainly from tin mining and agriculture.

At the end of 1937, 9,365 acres of land were in occupation for mining, and 537,886 acres for building and agriculture. The alluvial tin fields are worked and owned by Chinese, whilst the hydraulic and other workings requiring the installation of expensive machinery are supervised and financed by Europeans. Gold reefs exist in Gemencheh and on the Muar River, but have not up to the present proved remunerative. The Malay population is almost entirely agricultural. By far the larger portion of this population inhabits the Kuala Pilah and Tampin districts, where there are extensive and fertile rice

fields.

A great part of the State is mountainous, the rest consisting of undulating country suitable for agriculture. The whole State is well watered, the chief rivers being the Muar and the Linggi, the latter of which forms, for some distance, the boundary

between the State and the Settlement of Malacca.

Much valuable timber is found in the forests of the State, and the areas of reserved forests are being considerably extended with a view to its preservation.

The chief agricultural products are rubber, rice, and coconuts. During 1937 the areas under cultivation with these products were approximately as follows:Rubber Rice.. Coconuts

Other cultivation covered Oil palm

Fruit trees

372,217 acres 34,390 " 6,041 "

2,024, 8,013, Educational facilities comprise 84 Malay Vernacular Schools, 7 English Schools, 88 Tamil Schools, and 73 Chinese Schools.

The State is provided with a good system of roads, connecting the centres of each district with headquarters and each other. The total mileage is 554 miles of metalled roads, of which 428 miles were bituminously treated.

Several peaks of the main range of mountains forming the western boundary exceed 6,000 feet, the highest being Gunong Riam, which is 7,160 feet. Gunong Tahan, in the centre of the PahangKelantan boundary, has been found to be 7.186 feet high, and is therefore the highest elevation in the Federated Malay States, and probably in the Malay Peninsula.

The State is drained by one of the largest rivers in the Peninsula, if not the largest, the Pahang River, which is fed by the Lipis, Jelai, Tembeling, Semantan, Triang, Bera, Luit, Lepar and other rivers. To the north the Kuantan and to the south the Rompin and Endau also debouch into the China Sea, the last named forming part of the boundary between Pahang and Johore.

The total length of the Pahang River is about 297 miles, of which 232 are navigable for houseboats and other small craft. The bars at the mouth of all rivers, with the exception of the Kuantan, prevent the ingress of vessels except those of very shallow

draft.

The chief industry of the State, after agriculture, is tin mining, the principal mines being in the Bentong, Raub and Kuantan districts. Gold has been worked

for many years by the Raub Australian Gold Mining Company, Limited. Gold-bearing lodes have also been worked by Europeans at Penjum, Selensing, Kechau, and other places in the State; the mines have been closed for some years. From the reports of old travellers it is clear that in the eighteenth and previous centuries very large quantities of alluvial gold were exported from Pahang. The European mines mentioned above were all on the sites of extensive native workings.

The administrative headquarters of the State are at Kuala Lipis, 209 miles up stream from the mouth of the Pahang River.

The Sultan, however, resides at Pekan, the old capital which is near the mouth of the Pahang River.

The East Coast Line of the Federated Malay States Railways runs through Pahang and is now open for traffic as far as Tumpat, Kelantan.

There is a motor car service both ways from Kuala Lumpur to Kuala Lipis, 119 miles; also from Jerantut Station on the Railway to Kuantan, a distance of 109 miles.

The total mileage of metalled roads in Pahang is 457 miles. A road from Batu Talam to Kuala Medang has been completed up to the 22nd mile post and it is hoped to link this road with Kuala Lipis, when funds are made available.

The total revenue of the State during 1937 amounted to $7,201,650 and the expenditure to $7,478,079.

There are 5 Government English Schools, 3 Private English Schools, 90 Malay Boys' Schools, 6 Malay Girls' Schools, 18 Tamil Schools, and 35 Chinese Schools. There are 3 private English Schools at Bentong, Kuantan and Mentakab res.

Pahang.

His Highness al-Sultan Abu Bakar Riayatu'd-Din Mu'adzal-am Shah, K.C.M.G., ibni al-Marhum al-Mu'tasim Billah al-Sultan Abdu'llah, Sultan. Pahang occupies a large portion of that part of the Malay Peninsula which lies on the eastern side of the central mountain range. It is bounded on the North by the States of Kelantan and Trengganu, on the South by the territory of Johore, on the West and South-west by Perak, Selangor, and Negri Sembilan, and on the East by the China Sea. It is the largest of the States of the Federation, with an area of 13,820 square miles.

schools at hill stations for European children only, viz., one at Fraser's Hill and two at Cameron Highlands, with a total enrolment at the end of

1937 of 151.

The Hon. the British Resident, Negri Sembilan, G. L. Ham, M.C.S.

The Hon. the British Resident, Pahang, C. C. Brown, M.C.S.

The Hon. the Federal Secretary, Federated Malay
States, C. D. Ahcarne, M.C.S.

The Hon. the Legal Adviser, A. J. Clark, O.B.E.
The Hon. the Financial Secretary.

The Hon. the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, Malaya,
A. B. Jordan, M.C.S.

The Hon. the Adviser on Medical Services, Malay States, Dr. R. D. Fitzgerald, M.C.

The Hon. the Commissioner of Customs and Excise, 8.S. and F.M.S., W. D. Barron, M.C.S.

The Hon. the Controller of Labour, Malaya, C. Wilson, M.C.S.

The Hon. the Adviser on Agriculture, Malay States. The Hon. the Adviser on Education, Malay States, W. Linehan.

The Hon. the General Manager, Federated Malay States Railways, L. M. Smart, C.B.E.

The Hon. Major R. L. Nunn, D.S.O. (Adviser on Public Works, Malay States).

His Highness Sir Ibrahim, D.K., S.P.M.J., G.C.M.G., G.B.E., etc., etc., Sultan and Sovereign Ruler of the State and Territories of Johore.

The State of Johore lies at the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula, and is bounded on the North by Pahang, on the North-west by Negri Sembilan and Malacca, on the West by the Straits of Malacca, on the South by the Straits of Tebrau, and on the East by the China Sea.

The area of the State is approximately 7,500 square miles. The interior is in great part covered with jungle. The country is, as a whole, less mountainous than any other part of the Peninsula. The most important mountain group is formed by the Blumut Hills, which lie near the centre of the State. Mount Ophir, or Gunong Ledang, the highest peak in Johore (4,186 feet), is situated near the border of Malacca.

The principal river is the Muar, in the North-west, running through the district of the same name, which was formerly a separate State, but was united to Johore in 1877. The only other rivers of im. portance are the Endau, in the North, which, during part of its course forms the boundary with Pahang and Johore; and the Johore river which flows into the Straits opposite to the eastern end of the island of Singapore.

The only towns of any importance are Johore Bahru, the capital, situated on the Straits, opposite to Singapore, Bandar Maharani in Muar, and Bandar Penggaram in Batu Pahat.

The climate approximates to that of Singapore and the Federated Malay States, the highest maximum and the lowest minimum temperature in 1937 being 99°F. and 60°F. respectively.

The estimated mean population (1937) was 613,510 of whom 267,500 were Malaysians. The population of Johore Bahru town was estimated as 24,277. In area, Johore approximates to Wales.

History.

Of Johore history little is known prior to the advent of the Portuguese. A number of semi-wild "proto-Malay" tribes exist chiefly along the coasts, while the civilised occupants of the country are the descendants of the Malays who brought their civilization from Palembang in Sumatra.

As the Buddhist State of Palembang grew in power, colonies of Malays commenced to settle on the Peninsula. Singapore, founded under the name of Tamasek about this time, was ruled by its own kings. A Siamese law of 1360 includes Ujong Tanah (or Johore), Malaka, and Malayu among tributary

states.

About 1365 A.D. Javanese from Majapahit conquered the country and destroyed Singapore.

Malacca then grew to be the first trading centre of the East, and after its conquest by the Portuguese in 1511, a son of the conquered King settled at Johore Lama and founded the historic Sultanate of Johore.

The history of the next 300 years, however, is an almost uninterrupted record of wars. Persistent hostilities with the Portuguese continued even after the arrival of the Dutch in 1602. The State bears no small part in Dutch Colonial history; relations were friendly, despite a diplomatic struggle for commercial privileges. But, after violent attacks by the Achinese, Johore had become by 1637 practically an appanage of the Achinese Kingdom. In return for assistance rendered at the successful attack on Malacca in 1641, the Dutch tried to restore Johore to its former position as the premier Malay State. A port with a customs officer existed at Singapore. But the capital was plundered and burnt by Jambi in 1673, in 1699 the Sultan was assassinated, and in 1717 the throne was seized by a Sumatran adventurer, Raja Kechil. Then the Bugis ships appeared. subsequent process, partly conquest, partly assimilation, while disturbing to Johore, resulted in a wide extension of its sovereignty, which now spread to Pahang, Siak, Riau, Linggi and part of Selangor.

The

After 60 years of continuous intrigues between the Malay and Bugis chiefs the Dutch in 1784 recognised the Malay Sultan as ruler of Johore, drove the Bugis from Riau and stationed there a Resident with a garrison; after some further fighting the Malay Sultan and the Bugis viceroy accepted the position of dependent princes, but the old empire of Johore (Linggi and Klang had been ceded to the Dutch in 1757) was in a state of dissolution, the Bendahara and Temenggong being virtually territorial chiefs in Pahang and Johore respectively. This was

the position when the English, by virtue of treaties made in 1819 and 1824, obtained a complete cession of the island of Singapore.

Contemporary visitors emphasize the then deserted character of the country; in 1847 the capital consisted merely of 25 huts. (In 1855 the capital was moved to its present situation at Johore Bahru.)

But the extension of the Pax Britannica and the assistance rendered by the Governor of the Straits Settlements" helped Johore to grow populous again," moreover, the country has been governed since 1855 by two enlightened and progressive rulers, Sultan Abubakar, who died in 1895, and Sultan Ibrahim the present ruler.

In 1895 the Sultan undertook to receive a British Agent having the functions of a Consular Officer; in 1910, the Sultan having had an unofficial adviser for some years, reorganised his Government with the assistance of the Governor of the Straits Settlements; in 1914 a General Adviser with enlarged powers was appointed. The recent history of the State has been

3

record of continued prosperity. Telephonic communication was established between Johore and Singapore in 1883; a postal service was inaugurated in 1884, letters being transported by coach till the opening of the railway across Singapore Island in 1903: in 1909 the Johore State railway, linking up with the Federated Malay States Railway system, was completed; finally, in 1924, the completion of the causeway across the Straits permits uninterrupted railway connection between Singapore and Bangkok.

The Legislature consists of a Council of State, to which Asiatic and European official and unofficial members are appointed.

The Judicial system resembles that of the Federated Malay States, minor cases being decided by Magistrates with appeal to the Supreme Court, and major cases by the Supreme Court, with appeal to the Court of Appeal, and thence in special cases to the Privy Council.

Cases involving matters regulated by Muhamadan law are decided in the Court of Kathi, with appeal to the Sultan in Executive Council.

Judges of the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements and of the Federated Malay States are ex-officio Judges of the State of Johore, and vice versa. There is no Public Debt.

the total value of mineral exports amounting to $6,171,997.

The chief imports comprise rice, wines and spirits, tobacco, wood and timber (largely Johore produce re-imported from Singapore), cotton-goods and petroleum products.

A branch of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation is established at Johore Bahru and at Muar, and there are Chinese banks at Batu Pahat and Muar.

being contined to 10 pineapple factories, 4 tapioca Manufacturing industries are in their infancy, factories, and a few saw-mills, brickworks, and similar undertakings.

Johore Bahru, Muar, Segamat, Batu Pahat, Kluang Electric power stations have been erected at and Kota Tinggi.

Communications.

Sea. Regular steamship services run between the various coast ports and Singapore.

During 1937, 77 ocean-going steamers with a tonnage of 286,810; 2,771 coasting steamers with a tonnage of 133,527; and 9,846 sailing vessels with a tonnage of 243,050 entered ports in the State.

The only ocean-going steamers that call are Japanese which visit Batu Pahat for the transport of iron-ore. The total weight of ore so cleared was 519,339 tons in 1937.

Railway. The Johore State Railway runs for 120 miles through the middle of the State from Gemas on the northern boundary to Johore Bahru on the southern boundary; it is connected on each boundary with the system of the Federated Malay States Railway administration, by whom it was built and to whom it is leased.

Road. At the end of 1937 the State possessed 875 miles of metalled and gravelled roads, and 9 miles of earth roads as well as 69 miles of approach roads and back lanes. All the principal towns are now connected by a road system which is being continually extended.

Hired cars provide a cheap, constant, and rapid About 1,200 motor means of communication. vehicles a day cross the causeway connecting the main land with Singapore Island.

Posts, Telegraphs, Telephones. In addition to the General Post Office at Johore Bahru, 24 branch offices are established.

History.

There are no authentic records of the early history of the State, and little is known except that the country was converted to Muhammadanism in the 15th or 16th century, and that, like the other States in the Peninsula, it was at various times under the domination of Malacca, Acheen and Siam. Like the other States too, it depended upon the personality of its ruler. Under a strong raja its boundaries extended to include Setul, Perlis,and part of Songkhla on the North, and Krian on the South, and under a weaker man, or upon the rising of a stronger raja beyond the borders its boundaries contracted.

There is no record of the Portuguese, during their Occupation of Malacca (A.D. 1511 to 1641), having had any intercourse with Kedah. The Dutch, however, after they had wrested Malacca from the Portuguese, established Opperhoofden (commandants) in Kedah from 1654 to 1711.

From that date until 1786, when Captain Light acquired Penang from the Sultan for the East India Company, little is known of the history of the State.

In 1821, a Siamese fleet appeared off the mouth of the Kedah River, and, by a sudden descent upon the unexpectant Malays, took possession of the fort, and later of the river. The Sultan, who was in the Merbok district at the time, fled to Province Wellesley, where he was afforded protection by the British Government. He was later afforded an asylum in Malacca.

In 1831, Tunku Kudin, a nephew of the Sultan

KEDAH.

His Highness Sir Abdul Hamid Halimshah ibni Ahmad Tajudin, K.C.M.G, Sultan: His Highness Tunku Badlishah, C.M.G., Regent.

Kedah is a state on the West coast of the Malay Peninsula, situated between the parallels of 5° 05′ and 6° 40' N. lat. and the meridians of 99° 40' and 101° 10′ E. long. It is bordered on the interior (North and East) by the States of Songkhla and Patani (Siamese) and by the State of Perak (F.M.S.), and extends along the sea coast from the River Sanglang, its boundary with its northern neighbour the State of Perlis (under British protection), to the Muda River, its boundary with Province Wellesley. Thence it extends behind the narrow strip of coast which forms Province Wellesley, down to the northern bank of the Krian River, its boundary with the State of Perak.

Both the island of Penang and the territory of Province Wellesley were originally part of Kedah. Penang was acquired from the " King of Quedah" by Captain Light on behalf of the East India Company by the treaty of 1786, and Province Wellesley was ceded by Kedah to Sir George Leith, on behalf of the Company, by the treaty of 1800, to enable the Company to check the piracies on the coast. A sum of $10,000 is, under the treaty of 1869, paid annually by the Government of the Straits Settlements to the Kedah Government in respect of Penang and Province Wellesley.

The State includes the island of Langkawi and a number of smaller islands to the South. It formerly included the island of Terutau to the North of Langkawi, but this island and a small area in the interior of the State, in the eastern water-shed, were ceded to Siam in the treaty of 1909.

The mainland of Kedah is about 101 miles in length and about 64 miles in width at its widest part. Its area is, including the Langkawi groups, about 3,660 square miles. The two highest peaks on the mainland are Gunong Jerai (3,978 feet) and Bukit Perak (2,823 feet). Gunong Raya, on Langkawi Island, is 2,888 feet high.

Siamese. He succeeded in driving out the Siamese and held the country from April until October, but was later conquered by a combined force of British and Siamese. In 1838, the Malays made another attempt under Tunku Muhammad Saad, and again succeeded in expelling the Siamese. Again, however, they were worsted by the combination of a Siamese army and a blockade by British gunboats.

In 1843 the Siamese allowed the Sultan to return to Kedah and re-assume the government. The Sultan was, however, only allowed to exercise authority over part of the territory that formerly was subject to him. Setul, Perlis, and Kubang Pasu were given to other rajas independent of him. Setul, under the treaty of 1909, is now part of Siam (Monthon Puket); Perlis is still independent and is now under British protection. Kubang Pasu was some years ago again made part of Kedah.

General Description.

The language line between Siamese and Malay runs through Kedah and Perlis, and in the interior parts of these States the Malays speak Siamese as freely as their own language. There is a large

number of Sam-sams-a mixed race of Siamese and Malays-who are Muhammadans. Only a few families of the aborigines (Semang) are left in the

forest at the source of the Muda River; 209" nomadic were counted at the 1931 census. aboriginals'

South Kedah, the area lying South of the mountain known as Kedah Peak (Gunong Jerai), is for the most part populated with Europeans, Chinese and Tamils planting rubber, coconuts and tapioca. There is also a Malay population planting rice along the banks of the Muda River and in the low lying land along the Kulim was formerly a tin-inining centre of some importance, but the alluvial deposits are now said to be worked out.

coast.

North Kedah is almost entirely populated by Malay cultivators of rice. The soil is generally a heavy fertile clay. A quantity of rice is exported annually to Penang and to the Federated Malay States.

The population of Kedah was 338,558 at the 1921 census and 429,691 at the 1931 census. At mid 1937